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1、Chapter17SocialNetworksandCausalInferenceTylerJ.VanderWeeleandWeihuaAnAbstractThischapterreviewstheoreticaldevelopmentsandempiricalstudiesrelatedtocausalinferenceonsocialnetworksfrombothexperimentalandobservationalstudies.Discussionisgiventotheeffectofexperimentalinterventionsonoutcomesand
2、behaviorsandhowtheseeffectsrelatetothepresenceofsocialties,thepositionofindividualswithinthenetwork,andtheunderlyingstructureandpropertiesofthenetwork.Theeffectsofsuchexperimentalinterventionsonchangingthenetworkstructureitselfandpotentialfeedbackbetweenbehaviorsandnetworkchangesarealsodis
3、cussed.Withobservationaldata,correlationsinbehaviororoutcomesbetweenindividualswithnetworktiesmaybeduetosocialin?uence,homophily,orenvironmentalconfounding.Withcross-sectionaldatathesethreesourcesofcorrelationcannotbedistinguished.Methodsemployinglongitudinalobservationaldatathatcanhelpdis
4、tinguishbetweensocialin?uence,homophily,andenvironmentalconfoundingaredescribed,alongwiththeirlimitations.ProposalsaremaderegardingfutureresearchdirectionsandmethodologicaldevelopmentsthatwouldhelpputcausalinferenceonsocialnetworksonaTrmertheoreticalfooting.IntroductionAlthoughtheliteratur
5、eonsocialnetworkshasgrowndramaticallyinrecentyears(seeGoldenbergetal.2009;An2011a,forreviews),formaltheoryforinferringcausationonsocialnetworksisarguablystillinitsinfancy.Asdescribedelsewhereinthishandbook,muchoftherecenttheoreticaldevelopmentwithincausalinferencehasbeenwithinaòcounterfact
6、ual-óoròpotentialoutcomes-óbasedperspective(Rubin1974;seealsoChap.5byMahoneyetal.,thisvolume),andthisapproachtypicallyemploysaònointerferenceóa(chǎn)ssumption(Cox1958;Rubin1980;seealsoChap.16byHongandRaudenbush,thisvolume),thattheoutcomesofoneindividualarenotin?uencedbytheexposuresortreatmentsof
7、otherindividuals.Suchònointerferenceóa(chǎn)ssumptionsareimplausibleinmanysociologicalsettingsandwillgenerallyfailwheneverthemechanismsrelatingatreatmentorexposuretoanoutcomecanbein?uencedbysocialinteraction.Notinfrequently,socialnetworkdataiscollectedpreciselywhens
