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食品專業(yè)英語LESSON3LipidsAndTheirUsesInFoodThechemistryoffoodlipidsiscomplicatedbecausetheyarediversetypesofcompoundsthatundergomanyinteractionswithothercomponentsofafood.Manyimportantandwell-understoodchemicalchangesthatoccurinanisolatedlipidmaybemodifiedbysuchfactorsaslocationofthelipidinatissuesystem,thepresenceorabsenceofwater,andtheimpositionofsuchstressesasheatorradiation.Metals,bothinthefreestateasironsandascomponentsoforganmetalliccompounds,affectthechemistryoflipids,especiallyinoxidationreactions.Non-lipidcomponentsofafoodmayinteractwithlipidsandthiscanproducechangeinfoodquality.DEFINITIONANDCLASSIFICATIONOFLIPIDSTheconsumerandtheprocessoroffoodsutilizesubstancesfromthenutrientsgroupknownasfatsandoils.Fatsandoilsrepresentthemostprevalentsinglecategoryofaseriesofcompoundsknownaslipids.Theword"lipid"isdefinedinWebster’sunabridgeddictionaryas“anyofagroupsubstancethatsparinglysolubleinether,chloroform,orothersolventsforfatsbutareonlysparinglysolubleinwater,thatwithproteinsandcarbohydratesconstitutetheandprincipalstructuralcomponentsoflivingcells,andrelatedandderivedcompounds,andsometimessteroidsandcarotenoids,"Thisdefinitiondescribesabroadgroupofsubstancesthathavesomepropertiesincommonandhavesomecompositionalsimilarities.AclassificationoflipidsproposedbyBloorcontainsthefollowingelements,whichareusefulin
1distinguishingthemanylipidsubstances:1.Simplelipids(neutrallipids)-estersoffattyacidswithalcohols.a.Fats:estersoffattyacidswithglycerol.b.Waxes;estersoffattyacidswithalcoholsotherthanglycerol.2.Compoundlipids-compoundscontainingothergroupsinadditionesterofafattyacidwithanalcohol.a.Phospholipids(phosphatides):esterscontainingfattyacids,phosphoricacidandothergroupsusuallycontainingnitrogen.b.Cerebrosides(phosphatides);compoundscontainingfattyacids,acarbohydrateandanitrogenmoiety,butnophosphoricacidc.Othercompoundlipids:sphingolipids:sphingolipidsandsulfolipids3.Derivedlipids-substancesderivedfromneutrallipidsorcompoundlipidsandhavinggeneralpropertiesoflipids.
2a.Fattyacidsb.Alcohols:usuallynormalchainhigheralcoholsandsterolsc.HydrocarbonsFoodsmaycontainanyorallofthesesubstancesbutthoseofgreatestconcernarethefatsorglycosidesandthephosphatides.Theterm“fatis”applicabletoalltriglyceridesregardlessofwhethertheyarenormallynonliquidorliquidatambienttemperatures.Liquidfatsarecommonlyreferredtoasoils.Suchoilsassoybeanoil,cottonseedoil,andoliveoilareofplantorigin,lardandtallowareexamplesofnonliquidfatsfromanimals,yetfatfromthehorseisliquidatambienttemperaturesandisreferredtoashorseoil.Fatsandoilsalsocanbeclassedaccordingto“groupcharacteristics.”Fivewell-recognizedgroupsarethemilkfatgroup,thelauricacidgroup,theoleiclinoleicacidgroup,thelinolenicacidgroup,andtheanimaldepot-fatsgroup.Themilkfatgrouppertainsessentiallytothemilkofruminantsandespeciallytothatofthecow,althoughincertainareasmilkofthewaterbuffaloofsheepandgoatsmaybeprominent.,Milkfatsarecharacterizedby30-40%oleic,25-32%palmitic,and10-15%stearicacids.Theygenerallyhavesubstantialamountsofc4-c12acidsandaretheonlycommonlyusedfatstocontainbutyricacid,whichcompositionisparticularlysusceptibletovariationasaconsequence
3oftheanimal’sdiet.Thelauricacidgroupischaracterizedbyahighproportion(40-50%)oflauricacid(c12)andlesseramountsofc8,c10,c14,c16,andc18acids.theunsaturatedacidcontentisverylowandthiscontributestoextremelygoodshelflife.Thesefatsgenerallymeltatlowtemperaturesbecauseoftheshortcarbonchainspresent.Themostwidelyusedfatsofthisgrouparefromthecoconut,seedsoftheoilpalm,andthebabassuorthecoquillanut.Theoleic-linole9ocacidgroup,thelargestandmostvariedgroup,containsonlyfatsandoilsofvegetableorigin.Thesefatsusuallycontainlessthan20%saturatedfattyacids,witholeicandlinoleicacidsbeingdominant.Suchfatsarecommonlyderivedfromseedsofcotton,corn,sesame,peanut,sunflower,andsafflowerandtheseedcoatorfruitpulpoftheoliveandtheoilpalm.Fatsofthelinolenicacidgroupcontainhighlevelsoleicandlinoleicacid.Themostalthoughtheyalsomaycontainhighlevelsofoleicandlinoleicacid.Themostimportantfoodoilofthisgroupisthatfromthesoybean.Otheriswheatgermoil,hempseedoil.Perillaoil,andlinseedoil.Thehighlinolenicacidcontentcontributestotheduringoilcharacteristic,especiallyoflinseedoilwhichcontainsupto50%linolenicacid.Theanimalfatgroupconsistsmainlyoflardfromthepigandtallowsfrombovineandovinesources;thesearecharacterizedby30-40%c16andC18-saturatedfattyacidsandupto60%
4oleicandlinoleicacids.Themeltingpointsofthesefatsaretypesofglyceridespresent,withrespecttothelatterpoint,seedfatswithasmuchas60%saturatedfattyacidsoftencontainnegligiblemaycontainupto26%trisaturatedglycerides.Differencesintriglyceridecompositionaffectphysicalproperties,andthisinturngreatlyinfluencestheusetowhichagivenfatisput.ROLEANDUSEOFLIPIDSINFOODSFatsandoilsthemostconcentratedsourceorfoodenergy.Provide9kcalofenergypergram,whichisapproximately,doubletheenergyprovidedtheycontributetofoodflavorandpalatabilityaswellastothefeelingsatietyaftereating.Lipids,cholesterol,andcholesterolestersareimportanttothestructure,composition,andpermeablemembranesandcellwalls.Theyperformafunctionofenergystorageinseeds,fruitsofplantsandanimals.Lipidsaremajorcomponentofadiposetissueinternalorgans,andasacontributortobodyshape.Fatsandoilsareusedasfryingfatsorcoolingoilswheretheirroleistoprovideacontrolledheat-exchangemediumaswellastocontributetocolorandflavor.Asshortenings,theyimpartas:“short”ortenderqualitytobakedgoodsthroughacombinationoflubricationandanabilitytoalterinteractionamongotherconstituents.Assaladoils,theycontributetomouthfeelandascarrierforflavors,andwhenemulsifiedwithotheringredientstheyperformthesamefunctionsintheformofviscouspourabledressingorsemisolidfattyfoodsknowasmayonnaiseorsalad
5dressing.Margarinesareusedbothforbakingandcookingandastablespreads.Speciallyselectedormanufacturedfatsareusefulinconfections,especiallyasenrobingorcoatingagents.Thesefatsmusthaveashortmeltingrangatbodytemperature.Otherfattymaterials,suchasthemono-anddiglycerides,andcertainphosphlipids,suchaslecithin,haveusefulrolesasemulsifiers.Mono-anddiglyceridescontributetoshorteningperformanceandactasstalinginhibitorsinbakeryproduces.Lecithinisusedasamoldreleaseagentinconfections,tocontrolfatbloominchocolatecandied,andasanantispatteringagentincookingmargarines.Fatsandoilsareavailableinvarietyofforms.Butter,cookingoilsmargarines,saladoils,andshorteningsareessentiallyall-lipidforms.Saladdressingsandmayonnaisearecomposedofhighproportionsoffatsoroils.Ingestedandmayonnaisearecomposedofhighproportionsoffatsoroils.Ingestedfatsandoilsincludenotonlythosefromobvioussourcebutalsothosefrominvisiblefatsources,suchascereals,cheeseeggs,fish,fruits,legumes,meat,milknutsandvegetables.Thislattergroupconstitutesapproximately60%ofthedietaryfat.Saladandcookingoilsarepreparedfromcottonseedoil,soybeanoil.Cornoilpeanutoil,saffloweroil,olivem,orsunflowerseedoil.Theseoilsareusuallyrefined,bleached,anddeodorized.Someoilsmaybelightlyhydrogenatedtoprovidespecialpropertiesandtoenhanceflavorstability.
6Margarines,usedmostlyastablespreadsandtosomeextentascookingfats,arepreparedbyblendingsuitablypreparedfatsandoilswithotheringredients,suchasmilkskids,salt,flavoringmaterials,andvitaminsaandd.Thefatcontentmustbeatleast80%.Vegetableoilsareusedpredominantlyformanufactureofmarinealthoughsomeanimalfatsareused.Thefatsmaybesinglehydrogenatedfats,mixturesofhydrogenatedfats,orblendsofhydrogenatedfatsandunhydrogenatedoil.Specialmargarinesarepreparedinresponsetomedicalresearch,whichimpliesapossiblesuperiorityforthesetypesofmargarines,especiallyforpersonspronetoatheroscleroticconditions.Commercialshorteningsaresemisolidplasticfatsmadewithorwithoutemulsifiers.Plasticity,orabilitytobeworked,isamajorfeaturedistinguishingthesefromotherfats.Originalshorteningsconsistedoflardortallow,buthydrogenatedvegetableoilsandvariouscombinationsoffatsareusedtobuildinspecificpropertiesdesiredforbaking.Cottonseedoil,soybeanoiltallowandlardaretheprincipalfatsusedinshortenings,however,nonaturalfatpossessesallofthedesiredcharacteristics.Butter,obtainedbychurningcream,isawater-in–oilemulsioncontaining80-81%milkfat,whichispresentinplasticform.Otherconstituentsinsmallamountsincludecasein,lactose,phosphatides,cholesterol,calciumsalts,andusually1-3%sodiumchloride.Varyingbutsmallamountofvitamina,e,anddalsoarepresent,alongwithflavorbodiesconsistingofdiacetyl,lactones,andbutyricandlacticacids.
7Cocoabutter,derivedfromthecocoabean,isafatpreferredforconfectionaryusesitisusuallyininsufficientsupplyandiscostly,sothatmanyeffortshavebeenmadetosubstituteforitortofindsuitableextenders.NomenclatureoflipidsinfoodsThenomenclatureoflipidsincludesabroadrangeoftermsbecausetrivialmanesareusedincommerce,becausesystematicnames.AnomenclaturesuitablefordescribingthestereochemistryofglycerolderivativeshasbeenproposedbytheIUPAC-IUBcommissiononbiochemicalinwhichthesecondaryhydroxylisshowntotheleftandthetopcarbonisc-1theterm“sn”(stereospecificallynumbered)differentiatesthisnumberingsystemfromconventionalsystemsthatconveynostericinformation.Thistermisinsertedimmediatelyprecedingthetermsignifyingglycerol,andisseparatedfromitbyahyphen.Triglyceridesarenamedasderivativesofglycerolandtheexactplacementofsubstituentscanbeindicatedinaccordwiththesnsystem.Thusatriglyceridecontainingpalmitic(C-1),oleic(C-2),andstearicacids(C-3)isnamedsn-glyceryl-1-palmitate-2-oleate-3-steareate,frequently,theglyceryltermomittedandthesametriglycerideisknownaspalmito-oleo–stearin.Adiacidtriglyceridecontainingtwomoleculesofpalmiticacidandoneofstearicacidcouldbenameddipalmitostearinorsteartodipalmtin.
8Thephospholipidsmostimportinfoodisthosecontainingamoleculeofphosphoricacidetherifiedatonepositionoftheglycerolmolecule.Thephosphoricacidinturnisesterifiedtoanothermoiety,suchascholine,ethanolamine,orinositol.Nomenclatureofthephosphoglyceridesissimilartothatoftriglycerides.Thus,thesubstanceknowincommercialas“l(fā)ecithin”isdesignated1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphory”isusedfortheportionofthemoleculeexclusiveofcholine.Similardesignationsapplytophosphatidylethanolamine,phosphatidylinositol,andothers.Thefattyacidsinlipidsareusuallyaliphaticcompoundswhichmaybesaturatedorunsaturatedand,inlimitedcases,mayhavebranchedchains.Nomenclatureofthefattyacidsrequiresbothasystematicapproachandknowledgeoftrivialnamesthatarefrequentlyencountered.AccordingtoasystemadoptedattheGenevaConvention,fattyacidsarenamedinaccordwiththeparenthydrocarbon.Thefinal“e”inthenameofahydrocarbonisreplacedby“-oic”whenreferringtothesaturatedacid.Thushexadecanoicacid(commonlyknowaspalmticacid)isrelatedtothe16chydrocarbon,hexadecane.Thesuffix“-ene”isusedinnaminghydrocarbonscontainingdoublebonds.Accordingly,the16-carbonacidwithonedoublebondishexadecenoicacidandhasthetrivialnamepalmitoleicacid.Fattyacidswithmorethanonedoublebondinthemoleculehavethesuffix”-dienoic”,“-trienoic,”orothersuitabledesignationsforthenumberofdoublebonds.
9第三課脂類化合物及其在食品中的用途食用脂類的組成和化學(xué)性質(zhì)是復(fù)雜的,因?yàn)槭秤弥惏硕喾N類型的化合物,這些化合物受到了與食物中其它成份的多種相互作用。單離類脂中所發(fā)生的重要而確定的化學(xué)反應(yīng)可能會(huì)由于某些因素而使之改變,例如該類脂在細(xì)胞組織體系中所處的位置,水分的存在或不存在,類脂經(jīng)受過度熱或輻射方面的處理。金屬,不論象離子那樣呈游離態(tài)的,還是作為有機(jī)金屬化合物結(jié)構(gòu)成分的,都會(huì)影響脂類的化學(xué)行為,尤其是氧化作用。食物的非脂成分也可能與脂類互相作用,導(dǎo)致食品品質(zhì)的變化。脂類化合物的定義和分類食品消費(fèi)者和食品加工者利用了來自稱為“油脂”的營養(yǎng)素族中的多種物質(zhì)。油脂是一系列稱為脂類化合物中的最普遍的一類?!爸悺币辉~在未刪略的韋氏詞典中的定義是“任何一族通常溶于乙醚、氯仿和其它油脂溶劑而僅微容與水且與蛋白質(zhì)、碳水化合物一起構(gòu)成活細(xì)胞重要結(jié)構(gòu)成分的物質(zhì)及其有關(guān)的衍生化合物,有時(shí)還包括類固醇和類胡蘿卜素。”這一定義描述了很廣的一大類具有某些共同性質(zhì)和某些共同結(jié)構(gòu)的物質(zhì)。布盧爾提出的脂類分類法包括的以下便于區(qū)分許多脂類物質(zhì)的主要方面:1.簡單脂類(中間脂類)——脂肪酸和醇類形成的脂。
10a.油脂:脂肪酸和甘油形成的脂。b.蠟:脂肪酸與非甘油的其它醇類所形成的脂。2.復(fù)合脂類——除脂肪酸與醇形成的脂外,還含有其它基團(tuán)的化合物。a.磷脂:含有脂肪酸、磷酸和通常含氮的其它基團(tuán)的脂。b.腦苷脂:含有若干個(gè)脂肪酸、一個(gè)碳水化合物和一個(gè)含氮部分,但不含磷酸的化合物。c.其它復(fù)合脂:神經(jīng)鞘類脂和腦硫脂。3.衍生脂類——由中性脂類或復(fù)合脂類衍生出來具有脂類一般性質(zhì)的物質(zhì)。a.脂肪酸。b.醇類:通常為直鏈高級醇和固醇。c.烴類。食物中可能含有任何一種或全部上述的脂類物質(zhì),但最主要的是油脂(即甘油脂)和磷
11脂?!坝椭币辉~適用一切甘油三酸脂,而不論它們在常溫下是固態(tài)或液態(tài)。液態(tài)油脂通常稱為油類。豆油、棉籽油、橄欖油等都是來自植物的油。豬油和牛、羊脂是典型來自動(dòng)物的固態(tài)油脂。不過,來源于馬的油脂在室溫下是液態(tài)的,故稱之為馬油。油脂也可以根據(jù)它們的屬性來分類。五個(gè)公認(rèn)的油脂族為:乳脂屬、月桂酸屬、油酸-亞油酸屬、亞麻酸屬、動(dòng)物儲(chǔ)藏脂肪屬。乳脂屬主要由反芻動(dòng)物乳汁中的油脂構(gòu)成,尤以乳牛乳為多,不過在某些地區(qū),可能以水牛、綿羊和山羊乳為多。乳脂的特征是含有30~40%油酸、25~32%棕櫚酸和10~15%硬脂酸。一般還含有相當(dāng)多的C4~C12酸,而且是唯一含有丁酸的常用油脂,丁酸含量因油脂來源不同而異,范圍約在3~15%之間。乳脂組成特別容易因動(dòng)物食料所引起的變化而受到影響。月桂酸屬油脂的特征是含有高比例(40~50%)的月桂酸(C12)和C8、C10、C14、C16和C18酸。它的不飽和酸的含量非常低,這是它貯藏限期很常的原因。由于這類油脂的碳鏈短,所以其熔點(diǎn)往往較低。應(yīng)用最廣泛的這一類油脂來源于椰子、油棕子和巴巴蘇棕櫚果。油酸-亞麻酸屬油脂是數(shù)量豐富、品種最多、僅來源植物的油脂。這些油脂含飽和脂肪酸通常低于20%,且以油酸和亞油酸為主。這類油脂一般從棉籽、玉米胚芽、芝麻、花生米、葵花籽、紅花籽以及橄欖和油棕的種皮(即果肉)中取得的。亞麻酸屬油脂中含有大量亞麻酸,不過也可能含有較多的油酸和亞油酸。此屬中最主要
12的食用油是大豆油其它還有麥胚油、大麻籽油、紫蘇子油、亞麻子油等。亞麻酸含量最高是產(chǎn)生干性油特性的原因,尤其是亞麻酸含量高達(dá)50%的亞麻子油。動(dòng)物脂肪屬主要由豬油、牛脂和羊脂組成。它們以含30~40%的C16和C18飽和脂肪酸和高達(dá)60%的油脂、亞油酸為特征動(dòng)物脂肪的熔點(diǎn)比較高,部分原因是它們的飽和脂肪酸含量和甘油脂類型所致。就后一點(diǎn)而論,飽和脂肪酸含量高達(dá)60%的植物種子油脂中通常幾乎不含三飽和脂肪酸甘油脂,而飽和脂肪酸含量為55%的牛羊脂,卻含有高達(dá)26%的甘油飽和三酸脂。甘油三酸脂組成上的不同影響到油脂的物理性質(zhì),進(jìn)而對所給油脂的使用方法產(chǎn)生很大的影響。脂類在食物中的作用和用途油脂是最集中的食物能量源。每克油脂可提供9kal熱量,這約為同量蛋白質(zhì)或碳水化合物提供熱能的一倍。油脂是脂溶性維生素的載體,它賦予食物以風(fēng)味和可口性,并給人飯后以飽感。以甘油三酸脂、磷脂、膽固醇和膽固醇脂形式存在的脂類對生物膜和細(xì)胞壁的結(jié)構(gòu)、組成和滲透性起著重要的作用。它們還有在植物果實(shí)、種子中和動(dòng)物體內(nèi)貯藏能量的效用。脂類是脂肪組織的主要成分。脂肪組織是機(jī)體的保溫層,對內(nèi)臟器官油防震作用,是機(jī)體體形的構(gòu)建物。油脂作為炸用脂或冷卻用油使用時(shí),它起著可控的熱交換介質(zhì)的作用,同時(shí)也油色、香、
13味的貢獻(xiàn)。作為起酥油,它通過潤滑作用和某種能力(改變其它組分見的相互作用)的結(jié)合賦予焙烤食品以疏松柔軟的品質(zhì)。作為色拉油,它的風(fēng)味物質(zhì)的載體,賦予食物以口感,當(dāng)與其它組分一起乳化形成粘性可倒出的調(diào)味品或多脂半固態(tài)的所謂蛋黃醬或色品。糖果種常用專門挑選或制作的油脂,特別是涂層、涂膜劑使用。這類專用脂肪必須在溫度為體溫附近時(shí)有狹窄融化區(qū)。其它脂類物質(zhì),如甘油單酸酯和甘油二酸酯以及某些磷脂(如卵磷脂),用作乳化劑有很好的效果。甘油單酸和甘油二酸在焙烤制品中賦予制品以松脆的性能,并起著抗老化劑的作用。卵磷脂可以用著糖果的脫模劑,可用來控制巧克力涂衣糖果的表面出油反霜,也可作人造奶油加熱時(shí)的防濺劑使用。我們可以獲得多種形式的油脂。奶油、烹飪油、人造奶油、色拉油和起酥油基本上是全脂的形式。色拉調(diào)味品和蛋黃醬是由高比例的油脂構(gòu)成的。我們攝入的油脂不僅包括明顯的油脂資源,也包括來自那些不顯眼的油脂資源,如谷類、干酪、蛋黃、魚類、水果類、豆類、肉類、乳類、堅(jiān)果類、蔬菜類等等。后一組約占攝入油脂重量的60%左右。色拉油和烹飪油由棉籽油、大豆油、玉米油、花生油、紅花油、橄欖油或葵花籽油制成。這些油通常要經(jīng)精煉、脫色、脫臭處理。有些油經(jīng)輕度氫化處理可獲得特殊的性質(zhì),并且增強(qiáng)風(fēng)味的穩(wěn)定性。人造奶油主要用作餐用涂抹油,也有一定數(shù)量用作烹飪油.人造奶油由精制的油脂和其他配料如乳固體、鹽香料和維生素A、D等經(jīng)適當(dāng)調(diào)配而制成。起脂肪含量至少要有80%。
14制造人造奶油主要是用植物油,不過也用一點(diǎn)動(dòng)物脂肪。制造人造奶油的油脂可以是單一的氫化脂或氫化脂的混合物,也可以是氫化脂和未氫化油的混合物。增加多不飽和脂的用量可制成專用的人造奶油。這類專用的人造奶油已經(jīng)根據(jù)醫(yī)學(xué)研究的要求生產(chǎn)出來了。醫(yī)學(xué)研究表明,這種特殊形式的人造奶油可能有好處,尤其對于動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化病傾向的人更有益。商品起酥油是半固體的可塑性脂肪,制造時(shí)可加乳化劑或不加乳化劑??伤苄裕唇?jīng)受壓練的性能)是商品起酥油區(qū)別與其他油脂的主要特征。早先起酥油的成份是豬油或牛羊脂,而現(xiàn)在則用各種植物油和各種混合油脂,以形成烘烤所要求的特殊性質(zhì)。棉籽油、大豆油、豬油、牛羊脂是用作起酥油的主要油脂。可是,沒有哪種天然的油脂具備所有我們所要求的特性。奶油經(jīng)稀奶油經(jīng)攪制得到,是一種含80~81%乳糖(以可塑狀態(tài)出現(xiàn))的油包水型乳膠。奶油中其它成分的數(shù)量都較少,包括酪蛋白、乳糖、磷脂、膽固醇和鈣鹽,通常還有1~3%的氯化鈉。奶油中含量少而不定的維生素A、E和D,此外還有由丁二酮、內(nèi)酯、丁酸和乳酸組成的風(fēng)味物質(zhì)。從可可豆來的可可脂是糖果制造業(yè)上比較適用的脂肪。但可可脂常常供不應(yīng)求,而且價(jià)格昂貴,因此人們?yōu)閷ふ液线m的增補(bǔ)料以替代可可脂作出了許多的努力。食用脂類的命名法脂類命名法中包括來的術(shù)語范圍較廣,這是由于商業(yè)上使用的是俗名、科技文獻(xiàn)中使用
15的是系統(tǒng)命名法,而為了表示一些帶有復(fù)雜科學(xué)名稱的物質(zhì)又用合適的速記名稱的緣故。國際純粹化學(xué)和應(yīng)用化學(xué)聯(lián)合會(huì)-國際生物化學(xué)聯(lián)合會(huì)(IUPAC-IUB)的生物化學(xué)命名法委員會(huì)已經(jīng)提出了一種適合于描述甘油衍生物立體化學(xué)的命名法。這一命名法采取了費(fèi)舍爾垂直碳鏈投影法,在垂直碳鏈上仲碳羥基列在左邊,頂端碳原子即為C-1??s寫術(shù)語為“sn”(按立體定向編號)將該編號系統(tǒng)與不反映立體信息的傳統(tǒng)命名系統(tǒng)區(qū)分開來。此速寫術(shù)語直接插在表示甘油之詞的前面,并用連綴號與之分開。甘油三酸酯按甘油的衍生物命名,其取代基的確定位置可按立體定向編號(sn)系統(tǒng)表出。這樣,含有棕櫚酸(C-1)、油酸(C-2)和硬脂酸(C-3)的甘油三酸脂的命名便是:sn-甘油基-2-油酸酯-3-硬脂酸酯。通常略去甘油基一詞,而稱該甘油三酸酯為棕櫚酰-油酰硬脂酰甘油酯。含有二分子棕櫚酸和一分子硬脂酸的二酸式甘油三酸脂可命名為二棕櫚酰硬脂酰甘油酯或硬脂酰二棕櫚酰甘油酯。食品中最重要的磷脂是那些含有一分子(在甘油分子上某一位置上酯化的)磷酸的磷脂。此磷酸本身又與另一部分如膽堿、乙醇胺或肌醇分子酯化結(jié)合。磷酸甘油酯的命名法和甘油三酸酯的命名法相同。譬如,商業(yè)上稱為“卵磷脂”的物質(zhì)應(yīng)寫成1,2-二?;?sn-甘油基-3-磷酸膽堿。卵磷脂是膽堿磷酸甘油酯,也稱為磷脂酰膽堿或最好稱為3-sn-磷脂酰膽堿。磷脂酰一詞用來表示除膽堿以外的那一部分卵磷脂分子。類似這樣的名稱有磷脂酰乙醇胺(腦磷脂)、磷脂酰肌醇和其它物質(zhì)。脂類中的脂肪酸通常是飽和的或不飽和的脂族化合物,少數(shù)情況下還可能有支鏈。脂肪
16酸的命名需要系統(tǒng)命名法和常遇俗名兩方面的知識。根據(jù)日內(nèi)瓦會(huì)議所采納的系統(tǒng),脂肪酸是按照它的母體烴來命名的。當(dāng)提到飽和脂肪酸時(shí),便將烴類名稱的最后字母“e”用“oic”代替。這樣,hexadecanoicacid十六烷烴(通常稱為棕櫚酸)即是與16C的烴hexadecane(十六烷)相應(yīng)的脂肪酸。后綴“ene”用來表示含雙鍵的烴類。據(jù)此,有一個(gè)雙鍵的16C酸即為hexadecanenoicacid十六稀酸,俗名稱為棕櫚油酸。脂肪酸分子內(nèi)有多于一個(gè)雙鍵時(shí),其后綴為“-dienoic”(雙?。ⅰ?trienoic”(三?。┗蚱渌‘?dāng)表示雙鍵數(shù)目的后綴。Lesson3LipidsandTheirUsesinFoodimpositionn.①征稅;稅,稅款;負(fù)擔(dān)②增加,強(qiáng)迫接受,過分的要求③欺詐stressn.vt.①壓力,重壓,緊迫,緊張②重要,重點(diǎn),強(qiáng)調(diào)③應(yīng)力unabridged未刪節(jié)的,未節(jié)略的,完整的ether①醚②乙醚chloroform氯仿,三氯甲烷
17sparinga.①節(jié)約的,吝惜的,愛惜的②貧乏的,少量的fat①脂肪,肥肉②多脂肪的,肥的carotenoid類胡蘿卜素,類葉紅素alcohol①醇,醇元②乙醇,酒精glycerol甘油,丙三醇phospholipid磷脂cerebrosides腦苷酯類cerebellum小腦sphingolipid(神經(jīng))鞘類脂物sphingomyelin(神經(jīng))鞘髓磷脂sulfolipid硫脂glyceride甘油酯ambienta.周圍的,包圍著的
18lard①熟豬油②用肥肉餡填滿③脂肪的tallow(煉制牛,羊)油脂tallowoil(動(dòng)物)脂油tallowy脂肪的,油脂的,油哈味,哈敗的(指油脂)lauricacid月桂酸,十二(烷)酸oleic油酸的oleic-linoleicacid油酸-亞油酸linoleicacid(=linolicacid)亞油酸,十八(碳)二烯-[9,12]-酸,罌酸linolein亞油精,甘油三亞油酸酯linolenicacid亞麻酸,十八(碳)三烯-[9,12,15]-酸depot①倉庫,堆棧②基地③[法]酒中沉淀depot-fat儲(chǔ)存脂肪buffalo水牛
19palmiticacid棕櫚酸,十六(烷)酸,軟脂酸stearicacid硬脂酸,十八(碳)(烷)酸butyric①丁酸的,酪酸的②丁酸(發(fā)酵)菌coconut椰子coco椰子樹,椰子babassunut(巴西)巴巴蘇棕櫚(堅(jiān))果coquillanut棕櫚果sesame芝麻sunflower向日葵safflower紅花pulp①漿,果漿②打漿germn.①微生物,細(xì)菌,病菌②[生]幼芽,胚原基③萌牙,起源vi.(喻)萌芽,發(fā)生
20hempseedoil大麻籽油perillaoil紫蘇子油linseedoil亞麻子油bovine牛,牛的ovine綿羊的,似綿羊的palatability可口性,味道,味道質(zhì)量~test口味質(zhì)量評定palatable①可口的,味美的,好吃的.②[喻]愜意的,合趣味的satietyn.飽足,過飽,厭膩satietevt.使充分滿足,使飽享,使過飽生厭,使厭膩triglyceride甘油三酸酯cholesterol膽甾醇,膽固醇permeability滲透性,穿透性
21adiposea.脂肪質(zhì)的,脂肪多的,肥胖的n.動(dòng)物脂肪,脂細(xì)胞,脂肪fry①油炸食品②油炸,油煎,油炒③魚苗,小魚shortening①起酥油②油酥③縮短shorten油酥面團(tuán)impartvt.①把…分給,給予,傳遞②告訴,透露emulsify乳化viscous粘的,有粘性的,粘滯的pourabledressing可倒出的調(diào)味品dressing①(畜,禽,魚)剝皮(或去毛、鱗),去內(nèi)臟及分割加工②烤禽前腹內(nèi)填餡③(面粉)過篩④加上調(diào)味品(液),佐料⑤修整,包裝margarine人造奶油mayonnaise①蛋黃醬②蛋黃醬拌的涼菜
22enrobe(糖果冰淇淋等)浸掛巧克力漿或其他涂漿.melting①溶化,熔煉,煉出(脂油).②溶解,融化.③細(xì)致的,軟的,柔和的,淡的(口味,風(fēng)味)short①短的.②酥的,松脆的.③(飲料等)濃的,強(qiáng)的④[復(fù)]次貨,次粉,細(xì)糠,二級麥皮diglyceride甘油二酸酯lecithin卵磷脂stale干硬的,不新鮮的,發(fā)霉的,走了氣的,走味的(煙,酒等),陳腐的spattervt.①濺,濺污,灑②污蔑,中傷vi.滴下,飛濺n.①濺,灑,滴落,飛濺②(雨等的)淅瀝聲,飛濺聲③潑濺的污跡④少量,點(diǎn)滴antispatter防濺antispatteringagent防濺劑cereal①禾谷類,五谷,糧谷,谷物的,谷類作物的,谷類制成的.②谷類食物.
23③谷物制的食品④肉餡中面粉或米粉的加料bleach漂白劑,漂白度,脫色deodorizevt.除去…臭味,防止…的臭味deodorizer除臭劑,解臭劑,防臭劑hydrogenatedfat氫化脂,硬化油hydrogenate氫化,還原atherosclerotic動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的atherosclerosis動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化emulsifier①乳化劑②乳化器emulsion①乳濁液,乳膠,乳劑②香腸的細(xì)斬拌肉餡churning①奶油攪拌,攪乳②一次生產(chǎn)奶油的批量,一次提制的奶油cream①稀奶油,(鮮)奶油,②稀奶油做的,③乳漿,④利口酒casein酪蛋白,干酪素diacetyl雙乙酰,丁二酮
24lactone內(nèi)酯extender補(bǔ)充劑,增補(bǔ)劑shorthand速記stereochemistry立體化學(xué)vertical垂直的precedevt.①先于…,位于…之前;比…優(yōu)先,(地位等)高于…②在…前加上,為…加上引言.Vi.在前面,居前,領(lǐng)先signifyvt.①表示,表明,意味②預(yù)示vi.①要緊,有重要性②[美俚]冒充內(nèi)行hyphenn.連字號(即-)vt.用連字號連接palmito-oleo-stearin棕櫚酰-油酰-硬脂酰(甘油酯)palmitate棕櫚酸酯
25dipalmitostearin二棕櫚酰硬脂酰(甘油酯)stearodipalmitin硬脂酰二棕櫚酰(甘油酯)choline膽堿ethanolamine乙醇胺;氨基乙醇inositol肌醇,環(huán)己六醇phosphatidyl磷脂酰aliphatic脂肪族的,屬于開鏈碳化合物hexadecanoicacid十六(烷)酸(=palmiticacid)hexadecane十六烷hexadecenoicacid十六烯酸palmitoleicacid棕櫚油酸
26conventionn.①(政治,宗教,政黨等的)會(huì)議,大會(huì),全國性大會(huì).②召集,集會(huì),③`公約,協(xié)定④慣例,習(xí)俗,常規(guī).PresenceorabsenceExistenceandinexistenceF:manyimportantandwell-understoodchemicalchangesthatoccurinanisolatedlipidmaybemodifiedbysuchfactorsaslocationofthelipidinatissuesystem,thepresenceorabsenceofwater,andtheimpositionofsuchstressesasheatorradiation.Inturn:依此地(兩者常用于,實(shí)驗(yàn)試劑加入、作用方式。Respectively:各自地F:Differencesintriglyceridecompositionaffectphysicalproperties,andthisDifferencesintriglyceridecompositionaffectphysicalproperties,andthisinturngreatlyinfluencestheusetowhichagivenfatisput.
27F:Thesimplesugars(monosaccharides0arebasicallyaliphaticpolyhydroxyaldehydesandketones:HOCH2-(CHOH)n-CHOandHOCH2-(CHOOH)n-1-C-O-Ch2OH,called“aldoses”and“ketoses,”respectively.Concentrate:富集Condensein:濃集于F:Fatsandoilsthemostconcentratedsourceorfoodenergy.F:D-glucoseandD-fructose,arecondensinginsuchawaythattheirreactivefunctionsarelosttoformthedisaccharidenoreducingsugar,sucrose.代替Substitutefor:Insteadof:Replace:F:Cocoabutter,derivedfromthecocoabean,isafatpreferredforconfectionaryusesitis
28usuallyininsufficientsupplyandiscostly,sothatmanyeffortshavebeenmadetosubstituteforitortofindsuitableextenders.F:Thefinal“e”inthenameofahydrocarbonisreplacedby“-oicEnglishexperienceSOMEGOODSENTENCES:1.linseedoilcontainsupto50%linolenicacid.(upto意為達(dá)到)2.Theyperformafunctionofenergystorageinseeds,fruitsofplantsandanimals.(起…的功能)3.Thisdefinitiondescribesabroadgroupofsubstancesthathavesomepropertiesincommonandhavesomecompositionalsimilarities.(group作名詞時(shí),常作“基團(tuán)、族”解)4.Whatweeataswellashowmuchweeatdetermineournutritionstatustoanimportantextent,andinfluencedbyadiversityofexternalandinternalfactors.(很大程度上)Margarines,usedmostlyastablespreadsandtosomeextentascookingfats,arepreparedbyblendingsuitablypreparedfatsandoilswithotheringredients.(某種程度上)
29本句中,define…as意為“給……下定義”或“將……定義為”。Thatingeneralaresolubleinether…inwater是定語從句,修飾agroupofsubstances;thatwithproteinsandcarbohydratesconstitutetheprincipalstructuralcomponentsoflivingcells也是定語從句,也修飾agroupofsubstances。作為as的賓語,anyofagroupofsubstances,relatedandderivedcompounds,steroidsandcarotenoids三者是并列的。fatsandoil為主句主語,asfryingfatsorcoolingoils的as短語做主語的補(bǔ)語,where引導(dǎo)的狀語從句修飾謂語areused,此從句中有兩個(gè)并列的不定式動(dòng)詞toprovideas和tocontribute.asshortenings為目的的狀語,主語they指上文中的fatsandoils,through帶出的介詞短語(至句末)修飾謂語important的方式狀語。Lubrication和ability為介詞of的并列賓語,構(gòu)成的介詞短語修飾acombination;Toalter…otherconstituents為不定式短語,作anability的定語;amongotherconstituents是介詞短語,作定語,修飾interaction.
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