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句子成分及基本句型【句子的成分】在英文中句子成分包括：主語、謂語、賓語（直接賓語、間接賓語）、表語、定語和狀語、賓語補足語等。（一）主語：主語是謂語講述的對象，表示所說的“是什么”或“是誰"。一般由名詞、代詞、不定式或相當于名詞的詞或短語來充當。它在句首。如：（1）Lucyisabeautifulnurse.（名詞作主語）（2）Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.（代詞作主語）（3）Smokingisharmfultothehealth.（動名詞作主語）（4）ToswiminKunmingLakeisagreatpleasure.（不定式作主語）（5）Whatweshoulddoisnotyetdecided.（主語從句作主語）（-）謂語說明主語“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么樣”。謂語（謂語部分里主要的詞）?須是動詞|。謂語和主語在人稱和數(shù)兩方面必須一致。它在主語后面。如：Hisparentsareteachers.（系動詞和表語一起作謂語）Westudyhard.（行為動詞作謂語）Wedon'tfinishreadingthebook.（助動詞和行為動詞一起作謂語）HecanspeakEnglish.（情態(tài)動詞和行為動詞一起作謂語）（三）賓語賓語是動作、行為的對象,由名詞、代詞、不定式或相當于名詞的詞、短語來擔任，它和及物動詞一起說明主語做什么。一般放在謂語之后.Sheisdoingherhomeworknow.（名詞作賓語）Shesays（that）sheisill.（賓語從句作動詞賓語）Weoftenhelphim.（代詞作賓語）Helikestoplaybasketball.（不定式作賓語）Weenjoylisteningtothemusic.我們喜歡聽音樂。（動名詞短語作賓語）說明1:賓語是及物動詞涉及到的人或物，賓語一般放在及物動詞之后。介詞后面的名詞或代詞或動名詞，稱為介詞賓語。名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞常在句中做動詞賓語或介詞賓語。另外，動詞不定式可作動詞賓語;動名詞和賓語從句也可用作動詞賓語。說明2：及物動詞作謂語時，后面要跟賓語。賓語分直接賓語和間接賓語。直接賓語是及物動詞的直接對象，直接賓語西畫,間接賓語通常是及物動詞的動作所及的人，間接賓語相囚。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語之前。不是所有的及物動詞都可以用雙賓語。有的動詞可以跟。如:give,show（給……看），bring,pass,buy等。如：（1）Ourteachertellsusastory.（2）Thesungivesuslight.注意：間接賓語如果放在直接賓語之后,在表示“人”的間接賓語之前會出現(xiàn)介詞|“to”或“for”間接賓語前加“to”的有：give,show,send,bring,read,pass,lend,leave,hand,tell,return,write,throw,promise（答應(yīng)）,refuse（拒絕）等。間接賓語加“for”的有：
1make,buy,do,get,play,order（命令）,sing,pay等Igivehimabook.Igiveabooktohim.Hewillbuymesomebooks.Hewillbuysomebooksforme.（四）賓語補足語在賓語后面補充說明賓語的動作、狀態(tài)、特征的成分,稱為賓語補足語。名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語以及動詞不定式、分詞等可用作賓語補足語。賓語和賓語補足語稱為復(fù)合賓語。如:Theymakeherhappy.（形容詞）Iseeherdance.（不定式）We'HhelpyoutomaketheOlympicsasuccess.（名詞）Pleaselethimin.（副詞）Weheardhersingingasong.（分詞短語）（五）表語表語說明主語“是什么”或者“怎么樣”，由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞、不定式及相當于名詞或形容詞或短語來擔任。它的位置在系動詞后面。如：Iamateacher.（名詞）Heisalwayshappy.（形容詞）Theyareontheplaygroundnow.（介詞短語）Itgetscold.（形容詞）‘Be動詞（am,is,are,was,were）系動詞，表保持（keep,stay,remain）表改變（get,become,turn）感官動詞（feel,sound（聽起來），seem/look（看起來），taste（嘗起來），smell（聞起來））如：Itsoundsinteresting.（sound為系動詞，interesting為表語）Weshouldallremaincareful.Remain（為系動詞，careful為表語）（六）定語定語是用來修飾名詞或代詞的。形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、介詞短語、不等式或相當于形容詞的詞或短語等。單個詞作定語時,通常放在它所修飾的名詞之前。如：Theblackbikeismine.（形容詞）What'syourname?（代詞）Theymakepaperflowers.（名詞）說明1:當定語修飾不定代詞:nothing,anything,everything,something等時，定語在不定代詞后面。如：Itellhimsomethinginteresting.（形容詞interesting作不定代詞something的后置定語）Hehassomethingtodo.（todo為不定式作后置定語）說明2：|短語或從句|作定語時,也放在被修飾的名詞之后。
2如：TheboysintheroomareinClassFour.（intheroom是介詞短語作theboys的后置定語。）（七）狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞。一般表示行為發(fā)生的時間、地點、目的、方式、程度等意義，一般由副詞、介詞短語、不定式或相當于副詞的詞或短語來表示。狀語一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。如:Hediditcarefully.（副詞）Weoftenhelphim.（副詞）HermothergoesouttodosomeshoppingonSunday.（介詞短語）WhenIgrowup,Iamgoingtobeateacher.（從句作時間狀語）Hesitsthere.（副詞地點狀語）【簡單句的五種基本句型】A.主語+不及物動詞（主謂）如：Thesunrises.太陽升起來。Thecarstopped.小汽車停下來了。rise和stop都是不及物動詞，因此后邊不必加賓語。B.主語+及物動詞+賓語（主謂賓）如：Ilovemycountry.Hehelpsme.Ilikeactionmovies.Ibuyabook.C.主語+系動詞+表語（主系表）如：Herbrotherisadriver.Wefeelhappy.（feel為系動詞,表示感到）Itgetsdark.天黑了。（get為系動詞，表示變得）Tomlooksill.Tom看上去病了。（look為系動詞，表示看上去，看起來）D.主語+及物動詞+雙賓語（直接賓語、間接賓語）（主謂+宜賓+間賓）如：HegivesTomapresenl.（雙賓語）他給湯姆一件禮物。Mothermakeanewdressforme.（雙賓語）媽媽為我做了一件衣服。E.主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補足語（主+謂+賓+賓補）如：TheycallherMary.（賓補）他們叫她Mary。Wemakeourclassroomcleanandtidy.（賓補）我們使我們的教室干凈而整齊。Healwaysmakesuslaugh.（賓補）他總使我們笑。一、典型例題寫出劃線部分的句子成分。1.Lilyiscleaningthedesknow.2.Hergardenisthebestinourtown.
31.LiuMingisthirteenyearsold.2.Ilikethisbookverymuch.3.ThegirlonthebluebikeisJane'ssister.4.Shedidn'tcometomypartybecauseshewasill.5.WangPingdoeshishomeworkcarefully.6.WewillgototheChildren'sPalaceonceaweek.7.Theyareintheclassroom.8.Itsoundsgood.9.HjsnameisPaul.10.Wealwaysgotoschoolearly.二、課后練習（一）挑出下列句中的賓語①Mybrotherdoesn'tdohishomework.ABCD②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.ABCD（3）Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.ABCD④Howmanynewwordsdoyoulearn?ABCD⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?ABCD（二）挑出下列句中的表語①Theoldmanisfeelingverytired.ABCD②WhyisheworriedaboutJim?ABCD③Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.ABCD④SoonTheyallbecomeinterestedinihesubject.ABCD⑤Sheisthe-rsttolearnaboutit.ABCD（三）挑出下列句中的定語①TheyuseMr.Mrs.withthefamilyname.ABCD②Whalisyourgivenname?③OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.ABCD@Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.ABCD⑤Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.ABCD(四)挑出下列句中的賓語補足語①Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.ABCD②Heasksherlolake(heboyoulofschool.ABCD(3)Shefinditdifficulttodoihework.ABCD④TheycallmeLilysometimes.ABCD⑤IsawMr.Wanggelonthebus.ABCD(五)挑出下列句中的狀語①Thereisabigsmileonherface.ABCD②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.
4ABCD(3)HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.ABCD④Themanonthemotorbikeistravelingtofast.ABCD⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm.MissLihurriedoff.ABCD(六)劃出句中的直接賓語()和間接賓語()?Pleasetellusastory.⑥Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.⑦Mr.Liisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.⑧Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.⑨Doesheleaveanymessageforme?主語從句subjectclause一、主語從句的連詞分三類(1)從屬連詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句(that/whether)that引導(dǎo)的主語從句:引導(dǎo)詞that無含義/在句中不做成分/不可以省。That引導(dǎo)主語從句通常用it作形式主語。例如：你想獲得獎牌看起來是不可能的。Thatshesurvivedtheaccidentisamiracle.(改為it形式主語)她在事故中幸免于難簡直是奇跡。whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句:whether有含義（是否）/在句中不做成分/不可以省。我們明天是否在戶外開晚會要看天氣而定。Whethersheiscomingornotdoesn'tmattertoomuch.她來或者不來無關(guān)緊要。（2）用連接代詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句在由連接代詞who,whose,whom,which,what,whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句中，其連接代詞在句中起名詞性作用，擔當一定成分.例如：你所需要的是更多的訓(xùn)練。Whateverwedoistoservethepeople.我們無論做什么都是為人民服務(wù)。注：whatever/whoever的功用whatever,whoever在主語從句中不含疑問意義。它引導(dǎo)主語從句，并在從句中作主語、賓語、表語等。whatever=anythingthat;whoever=anyonewho。要注意和whatever,whoever弓I導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句的區(qū)另h如：Whoeverbreaksthelawshouldbepunished.Whoeverbreaksthelaw,heshouldbepunished.（3）用連接副詞when,where,why,how引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句（其連接副詞有含義，在句中作狀語。）例如：Whereweshouldleaveitisaproblem.
5Whentheywillcomehasn'tbeenmadepublic.二、it作形式主語的主語從句有時為了考慮句子平衡，通常在主語從句處使用形式主語it,而將真正的主語從句移至句末。這分四種情況：（1）對于以連詞that引導(dǎo)的主語從句，通常用形式主語it替代主語從句：Itis+名詞+從句Itisafactthat...事實是；Itisgoodnewsthat是好消息；Itisaquestionthat是個問題；discommonknowledgethat是常識類似的名詞還有：apity；awonder；agoodthing；nowonder；surprise等。鯨不是魚是一個常識。ItisnosurprisethatBobshouldhavewonthegame.（不奇怪）Itis+形容詞+從句Itisnecessarythat...有必要；Itisclearthat...很清楚；Itislikelythat...很可能；Itisimportantthat...重要的是類似的形容詞還有：strange;natural;obvious;true;good;wonderful;possible;unlikely;quite;unusual;certain;evident;worth-while;surprising;interesting;astonishing,etc.Itseemsobviousthatwecannotgoonlikethis.（明顯的是我們不能再這樣繼續(xù)下去）你有必要掌握電腦
6（3）對關(guān)系代詞型whal引導(dǎo)的主語從句，通常直接將主語從句放在句首。如：Whatweneedismoney.我們需要的是錢。WhatIwanttoknowisthis.我想知道的就是這一點。有時也可將助用形式主語。如：Itisclearenoughwhalhemeanl.他是什么意思很清楚。（4）如果句子是疑問句，則必須用帶形式主語it的結(jié)構(gòu)：Isittruethatheisthegirl'sfather?他是那女孩的父親,是真的嗎?Howisitthatyouarelateagain?你怎么又遲到了?四、連詞that的省略問題引導(dǎo)主語從句的連詞that有時可省，有時不能省，其原則是：若that引導(dǎo)的主語從句直接位于句首，則that不能省略;若that引導(dǎo)的主語從句位于句末，而在句首使用了形式主語it,則that可以省略：Thatyoudidn^gotothetalkwasapity.很遺憾你沒去聽報告。（that可省/不可?。㊣twasapity（that）youdidn'tgotothetalk.很遺憾你沒去聽報告。（that可省/不可?。╈柟烫嵘?.makesmistakesmustcorrectthem.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhoeverD.Whatever2.Itworriedherabitherhairwasturninggrey.A.whileB.thatC.ifD.for3.Whenandwhyhecamehereyet.A.isnotknownB.arenotknownC.hasnotknownD.havenotknown4.isnoreasonfordismissingher.A.BecauseshewasafewminuteslateB.OwingtoafewminuteslateC.ThefactthatshewasafewminuteslateD.Beingafewminuteslate5.Tomlikedtoeatwasdifferentfrom.A.That...thatyouhadexpectedB.What...thatyouhadexpectedC.That...whatyouhadexpectedD.What...whatyouhadexpected6.wegoswimmingeverydayusalotofgood.A.If...doB.That...doC.If...doesD.That...does7.1tBobdrivesbadly.A.thinksthatB.isthoughtwhatC.thoughtthatD.isthoughtthat8.1t'suncertaintheexperimentisworthdoing.A.ifB.thatC.whetherD.how9.theboydidn'ttakemedicinemadehismotherangry.A.ThatB.WhatC.HowD.Which10.wecan'tgelseemsbetterthanwehave.A.What,whatB.What,thatC.That,thatD.That,what11.youdon*tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.A.WhatB.WhoC.ThatD.Whether12.1.e'llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.A.IfB.WhetherC.ThatD.Where13.isgoingtodothejobwillbedecidedbythePartycommittee.
7A.ThatB.WhyC.HowD.Who14.wellfinishtranslatingthebookdependsonthetime.A.WhenB.WhyC.WhatD.That15.hewon*tgothereiscleartoallofus.A.HowB.WhatC.WhyD.This16.thehousewillbebuiltwillbediscussedattomorrow'smeeting.A.IfB.WhereC.ThatD.What17.1.oucomeornotisuptoyou.A.WhatB.IfC.WhyD.Whether18.1.akesmistakesmustcorrectthem.A.WhoB.AnyoneC.WhoeverD.Anybody19.1.eamwillwinthematchisamatterofpublicconcern.A.WhichB.ThatC.IfD.How20.1.eavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.A.AnyoneB.ThepersonC.WhoeverD.Who賓語從句TheObjectClause賓語從句的概念：賓語從句在復(fù)合句中作主句的賓語。句子結(jié)構(gòu)：主句+連詞（引導(dǎo)詞）+賓語從句1.Iknowhim.（簡單句）主語謂語賓語2.Iknowwhoheis.(復(fù)合句)主語謂語連詞從句主語從句謂語主句賓語從句一、連詞(引導(dǎo)詞)1.當賓語從句是陳述句時(包括肯定句和否定句)，連詞由ihal引導(dǎo)，因為ihal在從句中不作任何成分，也沒有任何具體意思，因此在口語或非正式文體中常省略?LinTaofeels(that)hisownteamisevenbetter.?她說她不會參加下個星期天的運動運。。Jimthought(that)thetrainwaslikeabigmovingparty.Hesaid(that)hewouldliketoseetheheadmaster.注：在主句為動詞be加某些形容詞(如sorry,sure,afraid,glad等)作表語時，后面所跟的省略thal的從句也可算是賓語從句?I'msorry(that)Idon'lknow.。We'resure(that)ourteamwillwin.?I'mafraid(that)hewon'lpasstheexam.2.當賓語從句是一般疑問句時，由連詞whether或if引導(dǎo)(口語中常用if),因為if/whether翻譯成：“是否"，具有一定的意義，所以不能省略?Lily想要知道她奶奶是否喜歡這個手包。?Let'sseeif/whetherwecanfindoutsomeinformationaboutthatcity.Sheaskedmeif/whethershecouldborrowthesebooks.?Iwonderwhether/ifsherememberedtocomeearlier.只用whether不用if的情況：a.放在句首時Whetherhewillcomeisnotsure.
8a.放在be等系動詞之后Theproblemiswhetherhewillcome.b.放在介詞后Heisthinkingaboutwhetherhehasshutthedoor.c.和ornot連用Idon'tknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.d.whethertodoIamnotsurewhethertoaccepthisinvitation.3.當賓語從句是特殊疑問句時，由連接代詞(what,who,whom,which,whose)或連接副詞(when,where,how,why)引導(dǎo)，因為連接代詞或連接副詞在從句中擔任一定的句子成分，具有一定的意義，所以不可以省略。?你知道他剛剛說什么了嗎？?Idon'trememberwhenwearrived.?1askedhimwhereIcouldgetsomuchmoney.?Pleasetellmewho/whomwehavetosee.Doyouknowwhattimetheplaneleaves?帶how的詞組也都可以引導(dǎo)賓語從句CouldyoutellushowmuchitcoststoflytoHainan??Couldyoutellushowlongthemeetingwilllast?Pleasetellushowmanystudentsthereareinyourschool?Canyoutellushowoldhisbrotheris?Pleasetellushowsoonyouwillbeready.二、時態(tài)1.如果主句是現(xiàn)在的時態(tài)(包括一般現(xiàn)在時，現(xiàn)在進行時，現(xiàn)在完成時)，從句的時態(tài)可根據(jù)實際情況而定任何一種時態(tài)。。1knowheliveshere.?Iknowhelivedheretenyearsago.
9?Ihaveheardthathewillcometomorrow.1.如果主句是過去的時態(tài)（包括一般過去時，過去進行時），那么從句的時態(tài)一定要用相對應(yīng)的過去的某種時態(tài)（包括一般過去時，過去進行時，過去將來時，過去完成時）?Isawshewastalkingwithhermother.Heaskedwhetherhisfatherwouldcomebacktomorrow.Hesaidthathehadseenit.3.當從句是客觀真理，定義，公理，定理時用一般現(xiàn)在時。。Theteachersaidthatthesuntravelsaroundtheearth.(1)IhearthatJimIhearthatJimIhearthatJimIhearthatJimIhearthatJimIhearthatJim(be)aworkertwoyearsago.(be)anEnglishteachernow.(cook)dinnertomorrow.(sing)apopularsongnow.(be)totheGreatWalltwice.(play)basketballwhenhisfathercameback.(2)HewillgotoHongKong.---HesaidthathetoHongKong.Heissick.---Hesaidthathesick.Heisreadingabook.Hesaidthatheabook.Hehasfinishedhiswork.--Hesaidthathehiswork三、語序賓語從句的語序用陳述語序：連接詞+主語+謂語+其他成分1.Whenwillhegotothelibrary?Hisbrotheraskswhenhewillgotothelibrary.Hisbrotheraskswhenwillhegotothelibrary.2.Whatdoeshewanttobuy?Idon'tknowwhathewantstobuy.Idon'tknowwhatdoeshewanttobuy.3.Whoarewegoingtomeet?Canyoutellmewhowearegoingtomeet?Canyoutellmewhoarewegoingtomeet?4.DoesheknowFrench?Wewanttoknowif/whetherheknowsFrench.Wewanttoknowif7whetherdoesheknowFrench.5.WilltheygotoCanadainsummer?They'renotsureif/whethertheywillgotoCanadainsummer.They'renotsureif/whetherwilltheygotoCanadainsummer.注意事項1.could/would是委婉語氣，不是過去式，因此賓語從句的時態(tài)根據(jù)實際情況用不同時態(tài)。?Couldyoupleasetellmewhereweshowourtickets?Wouldyouliketoknowwhenhewillcomeback?2.如果主句的謂語動詞是ask時，連詞不可能是that；如果主句的謂語動詞是say時，連詞用that1Shesays(that)shewillleaveamessageonhisdesk.2Hesaid(that)hewasgoingtotakecareofthechild.3HeasksifIlikeplayingthepiano.4Youmayaskthemanovertherehowyoucangettothebusstation.5.連詞if和when在不同從句中的區(qū)別：?Doyouknowifbacknextweek?Ifheback,pleaseletmeknow.A.hecomes,willcomeB.willhecome,comesC.hewillcome,comesD.hewillcome,willcome
10?Idon'lknowwhenhe(come).Ican'lwaithereanymore.Whenhe(come),wouldyoupleaseaskhimtocallme?1.連詞+賓語從句=二二連詞+todo?Idon'tknowwhatIshalldonext.===1don'tknow.?Shedidn'tdecidewhichoneshewouldchoose.===Shedidn'tdecide.Pleasetellmewhomyou'11givetheletterto.===Pleasetellme.2.it可以作為形式賓語it不僅可以作為形式主語，還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語that從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中。Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.我聽說她下個朋就會結(jié)婚了。。我認為每天喝大量開水是有必要的3.否定的轉(zhuǎn)移若主句謂語動詞為think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等，其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上，從句謂語用肯定式。(否定前移的條件是：主句主語時一人稱)?我認為這件衣服不適合你穿。注意：這種句型的反義疑問句，應(yīng)與從句主謂保持一致。?Idon'tthinkthatyoucandoit,??Wedon'tbelievethatthenewsistrue,?4.虛擬語氣的運用在表建議：suggest,advise,propose;表要求：demand,desire,request;表決定：decide；表命令：order,command,require;表堅決主張：insist；等動詞后的賓語從句，用(should)+doIsuggestthatyoushouldstudyhard.?Heorderedthatweshouldgooutatonce.5賓語從句中that不能省的情況a.當主句謂語動詞帶有兩個或兩個以上的賓語從句是，可以省略第一個that,其他不能省Ibelieve(that)youhavedoneyourbestandthatthingswillgetbetter.b.當it作形式賓語時Shemadeitclearthatshehadnothingtodowithhim.c.當賓語從句前置時?Thatourteamwillwin,Ibelieve.鞏固提升1.Theyoungmanaskedit'ssummerorwinter.A.eitherB.thatC.weatherD.whether2.Wedon'tknowtheydidit.A.howB.whoC.whatD.which3.TheteacherasksusJimcancomebackontime.A.thatB.ifC.whenD.whattime4.Doesanybodyknowwewillhaveasportsmeetingthisweekendornot.A.ifB.whereC.whetherD.that5.1wonderheiscryingnow.A.thatB.whyC.howD.when6.HaveyoufoundoutwecandoonHainanIsland?A.whatB.howC.ifD.whether
116.Lilysaidshehadfinishedhercomposition.A.ifB.thatC.whenD.where8.1don'tknowhestillliveshere.A.whereB.whatC.whenD.whether9.Couldyoushowme?A.howcanIgettothestationC.howIcouldgettothestation10.Pleasetellme.B.whereisthestationD.howIcanreachthestationA.whatdoeshelikeB.whathedoeslikeC.whathelikesD.whathelike11.MysistertoldhimA.whatdaywasit12.CouldyoutellmewhereweB.whenthetrainarrivedC.whoshewaswaitingD.wheredidyoulivenextweek.A.wouldgoB.togo13.CouldyoutellmehowmuchA.doitcostB.doesitcostC.hadtogotoflytoHainan?C.itcostD.willgoD.itcosts14.Thesmallchildrendon'tknow.A.whatistheirstockingsinB.whatisintheirstockingsC.whereistheirstockingsinD.whatintheirstockings15.Someoneisringingthedoorbell.Goandsee.A.whoisheB.whoheisC.whoisitD.whoitis16.Couldyoutellmehowlong?A.youhaveboughtthewatchB.youhavekeptthissciencebookC.haveyoubeenawayfromChinaD.haveyoubeenamemberofGreenerChina17.Hesaysthatifittomorrow,hefishing.A.willrain,won'tgoB.rained,wasn'tgoC.rains,won'tgoD.rain,willPredicativeClauses表語從句一、定義：在復(fù)合句中作表語的從句叫表語從句。表語從句位于主句的系動詞后。表語從句說明主語是什么或者怎么樣，對主語進行解釋、說明，使主語的內(nèi)具體化。二、表語從句的構(gòu)成一結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語+系動詞+表語從句”Thisiswhyhedidit.主語系動詞表語從句常見的系動詞分為以下幾種：A.Be動詞類B.表示持續(xù)的系動詞：keep,remain,stayC.感官動詞：look,sound,taste,smell,feelD.表示由一類狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)為另一類狀態(tài)：get,become,grow,turn,fall,go,come,runE.表終止的系動詞：prove,turnout,seem,appear三、引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞的種類：（引導(dǎo)表語從句的連接詞一般不省略。）從屬連詞：that/whether/asif/aslhough/as/because（注：if不引導(dǎo)表語從句）連接代詞：who/whom/whose/which/what
12連接副詞：when/where/why/how/because1.that引導(dǎo)的表語從句Dthat在從句中僅起連接作用，無實際意義，在句中不做任何成分，不能省略。我們的目的是他能意識到自己的錯誤。事實是她就是我們正在找的那個人。ThetroubleisthatIhavelosthisaddress.Thereasonwasthathewaslateforschool.2）在表“建議，勸說，命令”的名詞idea,suggestion,request,proposal后面的表語從句中，謂語動詞用“should+動詞原形”，should可省略Mysuggestionisthatwe（should）startearlytomorrow.2.whether在表語從句中表是否、究竟、到底，但不充當句子的成分。Thequestioniswhetheritisworthdoing.Thequestioniswhetherwecanrelyonhim.Whatthedoctordoubtsiswhethermymotherwillrecoverfromthediseasesoon.關(guān)鍵是我們是否能解決問題。3.由asif,asthough引導(dǎo)表語從句，表示好像。句子中的系動詞常用be,look,appear,seem,sound等。常用虛擬語氣，表示不存在的動作或狀態(tài)。Theyoungmanwithlonghairlooksasifhewereagirl.Itseemsasifshehadbeentothemoonmanytimes.看起來好像要下雨。聽起來好像有人在敲門。4.as引導(dǎo)表語從句。HelookediustashehadlookedCenyearsbefore.他看起來還與10年前一樣。5.because引導(dǎo)表語從句。常用結(jié)構(gòu)：This/That/Itis/wasbecause...Myangerisbecauseyouhaven'twrittentomeforalongtime.ThatisbecauseIdon'tlikeEnglish.我想這是因為你做得太多。這是僅僅因為他不認識她。6.連接代詞what,which,who,whom,whose,wh?ever除在句子中起連接作用外，還可在從句中從當主語、表語、定語，且各有各的詞義。Theproblemiswhoisreallyfitforthehardjob.Theimportantthingiswhosenameshouldbeputonthetopofthelist.Tomisnolongerwhatheusedtobe.問題是我們能找到誰去替換她呢。我想問的是誰離開了。7.連接副詞where,when,why,how除在句中起連接作用外，在從句中還充當時間、地點、方式、原因狀語，本身具有詞義。That'swhereIcan'tagreewithyou.Thisishowtheyovercomethedifficulties.MystrongestmemoryiswhenIattendedanAmericanwedding.這就是他為何沒到這兒來的原因。問題是他是如何做此事的。
13注意：1.當主句的主語為reason,或者是由why引導(dǎo)的從句時，與它們相關(guān)的表語從句用that來引導(dǎo)，而不能由because引導(dǎo):because引導(dǎo)表語從句時只能用于This/That/Itis/wasbecause...ThereasonwhyIwaslatewasthatImissedthetrain.Iwaslate.It/That/ThiswasbecauseImiesedthetrain.2.Thatiswhy...與thatisbecause...1)Thariswhy...(why引導(dǎo)表語從句)=Thatisthereasonwhy...(why引導(dǎo)定語從句)Thatiswhyshefailedtopasstheexam.Thatisthereasonwhyshefailedt。passedtheexam.2)Thatiswhy…指各種原因所造成的后果，Thatisbecause…指原因或理由Iwasangry.Thatisbecausehedidn'tunderstandme.Thaliswhyhegotfiredfromthatfirm.3.Thereason(why.../for...)is/wasthat的原因是ThereasonforhisabsenceisthathegotuplateThereasonwhyheisabsentisthathegotuplate.四、表語從句引導(dǎo)詞注意事項1.that引導(dǎo)表語從句時不能省.2.if不能引導(dǎo)表語從句.3.除that外的所有引導(dǎo)詞都有自己的意義。4.除that,whether外的所有引導(dǎo)詞都須在從句中充當相應(yīng)的成分鞏固提升1.Thal'sthePartycalledonustodo.A.whyB.whatC.howD.that2.Thereasonisheisunabletooperatethemachine.A.becauseB.whyC.thatD.Whether3..Thatistheyseparated.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.where4.Janeisnolongershewasfouryearsago.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.when5.Thequestioniswewillhaveoursportsmeetnextweek.A.thatB.ifC.whenD.whether6.Thereasonwhyhefailedishewastoocareless.A.becauseB.thatC.forD.becauseof7.Goandgetyourcoat.It'syouleftitA.whereB.thereC.therewhereD.wherethere8.TheproblemistotaketheplaceofTedA.whocanwegetB.whatwecangetC.whowecangetD.thatwecanget9.WhatIwanttoknowishelikesthegiftgivenbyus.
14A.thatB.ifC.whetherD.不填1.ThereasonisImissedthebus.A.thatB.whenC.whyD.what2..Theproblemishehasenoughtime.A.ifB.whetherC./D.that3.hereallymeansishedisagreeswithus.A.What...thatB.That...whatC.What...whatD.That...what她不能理解越來越少的學生對她的課不感興趣。我告訴他的是我會給他找個好劇本。定語從句AttributiveClauses一、定義：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先儂之后。二、結(jié)構(gòu)：先行詞+關(guān)系詞+句子1.先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。2.關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系代詞有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；關(guān)系副詞有when,where,why等。關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個作用：A、引導(dǎo)定語從句；B、代替先行詞；C、在定語從句中擔當一個成分。三、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1.who指人，在定語從句中作主語。正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。想去博物館的人必須在明晨7點到大門口集合。YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics.2.whom指人，在定語從句中做賓語，常可省略。MrLiuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.你正在等的教授已經(jīng)來了。老師經(jīng)常表揚的那個女孩是我們的班長。注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語或非正式文體中?？捎脀ho來代替,也可省略。Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.3.Which指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語,做賓語時常可省略。Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.制造計算機的那家公司離這兒很遠。
15Thehouse_whichisbythelakelooksnice.他們昨晚看的電影一點意思也沒有。1.That指人時，相當于who或whom；指物時，相當于which.。在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時?？墒÷?。每年來參觀這座城市的人數(shù)達一百萬。我今天早上看到的那個人在哪兒？Thepersonthat/whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind.Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.2.Whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語?？煞g出【......的】我拜訪了一個全國知名的科學家。Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.我曾經(jīng)住在那幢屋頂已經(jīng)倒塌了的房子里。注意：指物時，常用下列結(jié)構(gòu)來代替：■一Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.■--Theclassroomthedoo。ofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.■--Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?—Doyoulikethebookihecovoiofwhichisyellow?四、“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時，從句常常由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.他曾經(jīng)就讀過的學校很出名。Tomorrowrilbringherethemagazine(which/that)youaskedfor.Tomorrowrilbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked.明天我將把你要的雜志帶來。Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtenniswithyesterday.這是我昨天跟他打臺球的男孩。我們將去聽那位我們經(jīng)常談?wù)摰闹璩已莩Ｎ夜ぷ鞯哪羌夜镜慕?jīng)理十分注意改善我們的工作條件。注意：1.含有介詞的短語動詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在短語動詞的后面。如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。Thisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.()ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.()Thebabies(whom/who/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.()Thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy.()2.若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時只可用whom,不可用who,that；關(guān)系代詞指物時只可用which,不可用thato關(guān)系代詞是所有格時用whoseoThemanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.()Themanwiththat/whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.()
16TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.()TheplaneinthatweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.()2.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前還可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代詞或者數(shù)詞。如：Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.他深深地愛著他的父母，他們倆待他都很好。Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.籃子里有好些蘋果，有些已經(jīng)壞了。Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.我們班總共有40個學生，大多數(shù)來自大城市。Uptonow,hehaswrittentenstories,threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife.迄今為止，他寫了10部小說，其中3部是關(guān)于農(nóng)村生活的。五、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1.when指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。我仍然記得我第一次來到這所學校的那一天。Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.October1,1949wasthedaywhenthePeople'sRepublicofChinawasfounded.Doyouremembertheyearswhenhelivedinthecountrysidewithhisgrandparents.你還記得在農(nóng)村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年嗎？2.where指地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語。ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasbom.我十年前住的房子已經(jīng)被拆掉了。Isthistheplacewheretheyfoughttheenemy?3.why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.他受懲罰的原因我們都不知道。我不知道他今天為什么看上去不愉快。注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句經(jīng)?？梢杂?'介詞+關(guān)系代詞''引導(dǎo)的定語從句來表示。如：Fromtheyearrwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoprimaryschoolinthecountryhehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup.自從他在農(nóng)村讀小學時，他就已經(jīng)知道長大后要做什么。Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere/inwhichtheylive.他們生活的城市正發(fā)生巨大的變化。Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.他為什么拒絕接受邀請的原因是十分明了的。六、限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句1,形式上：限制性定語從句不用逗號“，”與主句隔開。非限制性定語從句用逗號“，”與主句隔開。
171.意義上：限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如刪除，主句則失去意義或意思表達不完整。非限定性定語從句只是對先行詞的補充說明，如刪除，主句仍能表達完整的意思。2.譯法上：限定性定語從句譯成先行詞的定語：?的''非限定性定語從句通常譯成主句的并列句。限制性定語從句舉例：TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.老師告訴我說湯姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.中國是一個歷史悠久的國家。非限制性定語從句舉例:Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.他媽媽十分地愛他，對他要求很嚴格。China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.中國是1949年成立的，現(xiàn)在正變得越來越強大。LastsummerIvisitedthePeople'sGreatHall,inwhichmanyimportantmeetingsareheldeveryyear.去年夏天，我參觀了人民大會堂，在那兒每年都要舉行許多重要會議。注意區(qū)分下列幾組句子的不同含義：1.Herbrotherwhoisnowasoldieralwaysencourageshertogotocollege.Herbrother,whoisnowasoldier,alwaysencourageshertogotocollege.2.Allthebooksthathavepicturesinthemarewellwritten.Allthebooks,whichhavepicturesinthem,arewellwritten.關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，其用法有相同之處，也有不同之處。具體情況是：1.as和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或賓語，代表前面整個句子。如：Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.他跟她結(jié)婚了，這是很自然的事。Heishonest,as/whichwecansee.他很誠實，這一點我們看得出來。2.as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至還可以分割主句。which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有“正如、正像”的含義。如:Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.眾所周知，中國是發(fā)展中國家。Heisfromthesouth,aswecanknowfromhisaccent.他是南方人，這一點我們從他的口音可以知道。John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.正如你所知，約翰是個著名作家。ZhangHuahasbeentoParismorethantentimes,whichIdon"believe.張華己去過巴黎十多次了，這一點我不相信。注意：當主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時，關(guān)系詞往往只用which。如：Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.湯姆老是遲到，這使得老師很惱火。Thesetablesaremadeofmetal,whichmadethemveryheavy.這些桌子是金屬的，這使得這些桌子很重。3.當先行詞受such,thesame修飾時，關(guān)系詞常用as。如：Pveneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.我從未聽過象他講的這樣的故事。Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.他可不象他看上去的那樣傻。ThisisthesamedictionaryasIlostlastweek.這部詞典跟我上星期丟失的一樣。注意：當先行詞受thesame修飾時，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但與as引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思有區(qū)別。如：
18SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary'swedding.Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore.1.以theway為先行詞的限制性定語從句通常由inwhich或that引導(dǎo)，而且通?？梢允÷浴heway(that/inwhich)heansweredthequestionswassurprising.他回答這些問題的方式令人驚奇。Idon'tliketheway(that/inwhich)youlaughather.我不喜歡你沖她的樣子。限制性定語從句中只能用that引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況1.當先行詞是everything,anything,nothing(something除外),all,none,few,little,some等代詞時，或當先行詞受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代詞修飾時。如:HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lisaid?李老師講的你都記下來了嗎？Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.對他來說似乎世界上沒有什么不可能的事。Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.所有能做的都做好了。ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.我不能為你干什么。注意：當先行詞指人時，偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who,如：Anymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywon'tdosuchaIhing.任何有責任感的人都不會做這樣的事。2.當先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時。如：ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.在倫敦他們參觀的第?個地方是大本鐘。3.當先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時。如：ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.這是我看過的最好的電影。4.當先行詞被thevery,theonly修飾時。如：ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.這正是我要買的詞典。Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowns.家里發(fā)生了火災(zāi)過后，那輛舊車成了他的唯一擁有。注意：當先行詞指人時，偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who。如:WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting.王華是我校唯一出席會議的人。5.當先行詞前面有who,which等疑問代詞時。如：Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate?站在門口的那個人是誰？WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?哪件T恤衫最合我的身？6.當先行詞為人與動物或人與物時。如：Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool他們談?wù)撝麄兯苡浧鸬脑谛r的人和事。Lookatthemanandhisdonkeythatarewalkingupthestreel.瞧瞧那個沿街走來的人和他的毛驢。將下列兩句話合并成一句.1.1can'tfindthebook..Iboughtabookyesterday.2.Thegirlismysister.Thegirlisstandingonthestage.3.TheWestLakeliesinHangzhou.TheWestLakeisoneofthemostfamouslakesinChina.
194.1don'tknowthatboy.Theboyisinblueshirt.5.Mybrotherlikesthesingers.Thesingerswritetheirownmusic.6.Thecatismine.Thecatisplayingwithaball.對比下面四組句子1.Thisistheparkwevisitedlastyear.Thisistheparkweheldabirthdayparty.2.Shewon'tforgetthedaysshespentontheisland.Shewon'lforgetthedaystheystayedtogether.3.That'sthedatewewenttothecollege.That'sthedateshewon'tforgetforever.4.1likethetimewelivedtogether.Ilikethetimewehadtogether.鞏固提升1.TheplaceinterestedmemostwastheChildren'sPalace.A.whichB.whereC.whatD.inwhich3.Thisisthehotellastmonth.A.whichtheystayedB.atthattheystayedC.wheretheystayedatD.wheretheystayedlO.Thepenheiswritingismine.A.withwhichB.inwhichC.onwhichD.bywhich11.Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofsatasmallboy.A.whomB.whoC.whichD.that12.Theengineermyfatherworksisabout50yearsold.A.towhomB.onwhomC.withwhichD.withwhom13.1tthereanyoneinyourclassfamilyisinthecountry?A.whoB.who'sC.whichD.whose14.1'minterestedinyouhavesaid.A.allthatB.allwhatC.thatD.which15.1wanttousethesamedictionarywasusedyesterday.A.whichB.whoC.whatD.as21.Theletterisfrommysister,isworkinginBeijing.
20A.whichB.thatC.whomD.who22.1nourfactorythereare2,000workers,twothirdsofarewomen.A.themB.whichC.whomD.who23.You'retheonlypersonI'veevermetcoulddoit.A.who;/B./;whomC.whom;/D./;who24.1lostabook,Ican'tremembernow.A.whosetitleB.itstitleC.thetitleofitD.thetitleofthat3O.Thismachine,formanyyears,isstillworkingperfectly.A.afterwhichIhavelookedB.whichIhavelookedafterC.thatIhavelookedafterD.Ihavelookedafter3l.Thereasonhedidn'tcomewashewasill.A.why;thatB.that;whyC.forthat;thatD.forwhich;what32.Heisworkinghard,willmakehimpassthefinalexam.A.thatB.whichC.forwhichD.who33.ThatisnotthewayIdoit.A./B.whichC.forwhichD.withwhich46.Thecleverboymadeaholeinthewall,hecouldseewasgoingoninsidehouse.A.which;whatB.throughwhich;whatC.throughthat;whatD.what;that48.Johngotbeateninthegame,hadbeenexpected.A.asB.thatC.whatD.who49.1haveboughttwobullpens,writeswell.A.noneofthemB.neitherofthemC.neitherofwhichD.noneofwhich41.?一Didyouasktheguardhappened?一Yes,hetoldmeallheknew.A.what;thatB.what;whatC.which;whichD.that;that同位語從句AppositiveClauses一、定義同位語從句一般放在某些名詞的后面，對名詞進行進一步解釋說明，用以說明名詞所表示的具體內(nèi)容。在句中作同位語。二、常引導(dǎo)同位語從句的名詞fact,news,idea,promise,faith,question,problem,doubt,fear,hope,order,belief,thought,reply,truth,suggestion,advice,proposal三、引導(dǎo)同位語從句的連接詞功能例詞從屬連詞只起連接作用，不充當從句中的任何成分。that,whether連接代詞既起連接作用，又在從句中擔任成分（主語、賓語、表語或定語）.who,whattwhose,which連接副詞既起連接作用，又在從句中擔任成分（狀語）。when,where,why,how復(fù)合代詞&復(fù)合副詞既起連接作用，又在從句中擔任成分（主語、賓語、表語或定語、狀語）。whoever,whatever,whichever,whenever,wherever,however
21四、正確運用同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，準確把握同位語從句1.如同位語從句意義完整，應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)同位語從句。（即that不充當任何成分，只起連接作用）例：Thegeneralgavetheorderthatthesoldiersshouldcrosstheriveratonce.2.如同位語從句意義不完整，需增加”是否”的含義，應(yīng)用whether引導(dǎo)同位語從句。（if不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句）例：We'lldiscusstheproblemwhetherthesportsmeetingwillbeheldontime.3.如同位語從句意義不完整，需增加“什么時候"、”什么地點”、“什么方式”等含義，應(yīng)用when,where,how等詞引導(dǎo)同位語從句。例：Ihavenoideawhenhewillbeback.例：Ihavenoimpressionhowhewenthome,perhapsbybike.4.如同位語從句意義不完整，需增加”誰”、“什么“、“哪一個”等含義，應(yīng)用who,what,which,whose等詞引導(dǎo)同位語從句，同時在句中充當一定句子成分。例：1havenoideawhatsizeshoesshewears.我不知道她穿幾號的鞋。例：Ihavenoideawhichwineisbest一ifsamatterofpersonaltaste.我不知道哪種酒最好，這是個人口味的問題。例：Thequestionwhowilltakehisplaceisstillnotclear.過手訓(xùn)練：1.TheyexpressedthehopetheywouldcomeovertovisitChinaagain.1.1havenoideatheywereabletogetitdoneinsoshortatime.3.Haveyouanyideaheisdoingnow?4.Theyaskedmethequestiontheworkwasworthdoing.5.Thequestionshoulddotheworkrequiresconsideration.6.ThenewsMr.LiwillbeournewEnglishteacheristrue.7.Wehaven'tyetsettledthequestionwearegoingtospendoursummervacationthisyear.8.Thequestionshoulddotheworkisbeingdiscussedatthemeeting.9.1havenoideatheboyisdoinginthenextroomnow.10.1havenoideaIcangettotherailwaystation.11.Theproblemweshouldhavethemeetinginthehallnowmustbedecidedatonce.定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別1.Thenewsthattheywonthematchistrue.2.Thenewsthattheytoldmeyesterdayistrue.小結(jié)：我們通過觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)，句1中的that引導(dǎo)的是從句，對news起著、作用，句2中的that引導(dǎo)的是從句，對news起著作用，在從句中做成分。類別性質(zhì)功能引導(dǎo)詞that的作用wh-引導(dǎo)詞的作用同位語從句名詞性補充說明只起連接作用，不做成分，不能省略。不能替換所修飾的名詞,有疑問意義。
22定語從句形容詞性修飾限定既替代先行詞，同時也在句中做某種成分，做賓語可以省略。關(guān)系詞沒有疑問意義，可替換先行詞.Tip:在先行詞與與從句之間加一個系動詞be,使之構(gòu)成一個新句子，如果句子通順且符合邏輯，則為同位語從句。反之，則為定語從句。1.ThenewsthathetoldmeisthatTomwouldgoabroadnextyear.Thenewsisthathetoldme2.ThenewsthatTomwouldgoabroadistoldbyhim.ThenewsisthatTomwouldgoabroad.3.Heputforwardthesuggestionthatthesecondquestionshouldbediscussedfirst.Thesuggestionisthatthequestionshouldbediscussedfirst.4.Thesuggestionthathehadputforwardwasturndown.Thesuggestionisthathehadputforward5.WeweregreatlypleasedatthenewsthattheChinesewomen'svolleyballteamhadwonthematchagain.ThenewsisthattheChinesewomen'svolleyballteamhadwonthematchagain.6.Weweregreatlypleasedatthenewsthatourteacherhadtoldus.Thenewsisthatourteacherhadtoldus.狀語從句AdverbialClause狀語從句主要用來修飾主句或主句的謂語。一般可分為九大類，盡管種類較多，但由于狀語從句與漢語結(jié)構(gòu)和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不難。狀語從句的關(guān)鍵是要掌握引導(dǎo)不同狀語從句的常用連接詞和特殊的連接詞即考點?，F(xiàn)分別列舉如下：1.時間狀語從句常用弓I導(dǎo)詞：when,as,while,assoonas,while,before,after,since,till,until特殊弓I導(dǎo)詞：theminute,themoment,thesecond,theinstant,immediately,directly,everytime,theday,nosooner...than,hardly...when,scarcely...When(1)TellhimIneedtoseehimtheminutehearrives.他一到就告訴他我要見他。(2)Thechildrenranawayfromtheorchard(果園)themomenttheysawtheguard.Themomenthesawme,heranaway.他一看見我，就跑了。Hesaidhe'dcallyouthemomenthegothome.他說他一到家就給你打電話(3)TheinstantIsawhim,Iknewhewasthemanfromtherestaurant.(4)Immediatelyyoubegintospeak,hegivesyouhisfullattention.你只要一開始說話，他就全神貫注地聽。(5)Mysistercamedirectlyshegotmymessage.我妹妹一收到我的信息就來了。(6)Everytime1listentoyouradvice,Igetintotrouble.(7)nosooner...than...,”一…就，引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，主句用過去完成時「than”后面的從句用一般過去時.(從這
23里可以知道m(xù)osooner后面是主句;than后面是從句)例：Ihadnosoonerreachedhomethanitbegantorain.我一到家天就下起雨來Nosooner...than…常放在句首，表示強調(diào).這時主句要倒裝.例:NosoonerhadIreachedhomethanitbegantorain.(1)Hehadhardlysatdownwhenthetelephonerang.他剛坐下電話就響了。Hehadscarcelysatdownwhentherewasaknockatthedoor,他剛坐下就有人敲門另外，如果把hardly放于句首，主句要用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如：HardlyhadIfinishedeatingwhenhecamein.我剛吃完他就進來了。1.地點狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：where特殊弓I導(dǎo)詞：wherever,anywhere,everywhereShewasstandingexactlywhereyouarestandingnow那時他就站在你現(xiàn)在站的地方。Staywhereyouare.呆在原地別動。Whereveryougo,youshouldworkhard.Sitanywhereyoulike隨便坐吧2.原因狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：because,since,as,特殊引導(dǎo)詞：seeingthat,nowthat,inthat,consideringthat(考慮到，鑒于),forthereasonthatMyfriendsdislikemebecauseI'mhandsomeandsuccessful.Iwon'tstaylong,seeingthat/seeingasyouarebusy我不會久呆，看你很忙=1havebeenluckyinthatIhaveneverhadtoworryaboutmoney我很幸運，從來不必為錢發(fā)愁。Ithinkwepaidtoomuchmoneyforthehouse,consideringthatweneededtogettheroofrepaired.考慮到我們得修屋頂，我認為我們的房子買貴了3.目的狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：sothat,inorderthat特殊引導(dǎo)詞：(just)incase以防萬一，forthepurposethat,Takeanumbrella,incaseitrains.帶把傘吧，以防下雨。Theteacherraisedhisvoiceonpurposethatthestudentsinthebackcouldhearmoreclearly.4.結(jié)果狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞:so...that,so...that,such...that,特殊引導(dǎo)詞：suchthatHegotupsoearlythathecaughtthefirstbus.It'ssuchagoodchancethatwemustnotmissit.5.條件狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：if,unless,特殊弓I導(dǎo)詞：as/solongas只要，onlyif只有，providing/providingthat/providedthat(只要)，supposethat,incase(美)如果,onconditionthat（條件是）Youcangoouttoplayaslongasyoustayinthebackyard.只要不出后院，你可以出去玩Youwillcertainlysucceedsolongasyoukeepontrying.Itoldhimhewouldsucceedonlyifhetriedhard.我告訴他,只有努力才能成功。Youcanborrowthecar,providingIcanhaveitbackbysixo'clock.你可以借用我的車，只要六點鐘以前還給我就行。IncaseIamlate,startwithoutme.如果我來晚了，你們就別等我先開始吧。
241.讓步狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：though,although,evenif,eventhough特殊引導(dǎo)詞：as盡管，雖然（用在讓步狀語從句中必須要倒裝），while（一般用在句首）=although,nomatter...?inspiteofthefactthat,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whichever,whetheror（不管還是）Whiletherewasnoconclusiveevidence,mostpeoplethoughthewasguilly.雖然沒有確鑿證據(jù)，大多數(shù)人還是認為他有罪。Kellylovedherhusbandinspiteofthefactthathedranktoomuch.雖然丈夫喝酒很兇，kelly仍然愛著他。Theoldmanalwaysenjoysswimmingeventhoughtheweatherisrough.Nomatterhowhardhetried,shecouldnotchangehermind.Whetheryoulikethejobornot,youhavetodoitrightnow.不管你是否喜歡這個工作，你現(xiàn)在都要去做它一、名詞+as/though+主語+其他Kingashewas,hewasunhappy.他雖是國王，但他并不幸福。他雖是個孩子，卻知道幫助別人?！咀ⅰ?、其中的動詞通常為連系動詞，也就是說位于句首的名詞是其后連系動詞的表語。2、如果單數(shù)名詞作表語,把它提到句首時，其前不用冠詞。即使其前有形容詞修飾習慣上也不用冠詞。他雖是男孩，卻喜歡與女孩子玩。二、形容詞+as/though+主語+其他Successfulasheis,heisnotproud.他雖然成功，但不驕傲。盡管聽起來很愚蠢，我是如此愛她竟然相信了她的話?！咀ⅰ科渲械膭釉~也通常為連系動詞，也就是說位于句首的形容詞是其后連系動詞的表語三、副詞+as/though+主語+其他盡管他們做了很大努力，卻沒法讓她改變主意。盡管你讀得很快，你總不能在兩天之內(nèi)就讀完這本書?！咀ⅰ坑械膶uchas作為習語看待，認為它是一個用以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的復(fù)合連詞。MuchasIadmirehimasawriter,Idonotlikehimasaman.他作為一名作家我很佩服他，但我卻不喜歡他這個人。MuchasIlikeyou,Icouldn'tlivewithyou.我盡管很喜歡你，卻不能和你在一起生活。四、動詞原形+as/though+主語+其他Objectasyoumay,Tilgo.縱使你反對，我也要去。盡管他想方設(shè)法，卻未解決這個問題。錢雖然丟了，我們卻得到了許多經(jīng)驗?！咀ⅰ恐髡Z后的動詞通常為may,might,would,did等情態(tài)動詞或助動詞五、分詞+as/though+主語+其他雖然正在下著大雨，我還是要出去散步。雖然我們被敵人包圍著，但我們還是設(shè)法前進了。【三條補充說明】1.上面提到的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)有時也可用來表示原因，區(qū)別的辦法主要看句子的內(nèi)容：讓步從句的內(nèi)容大多數(shù)與主句在意義上相反，而原因從句則與主句之間有因果關(guān)系。比較：Tiredashewas,hesatuplatestudyingatnight.Tiredashewas,hewenttobedearly.Youngashewas,hewasequaltothetask.
25Youngashewas,hewasnotequaltothetask.2在美國英語中，人們通常用as...as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。Coldasitwas,wewentout.=Ascoldasitwas,wewentout.盡管天氣冷，我們還是出去了。Successfulasheis?heisnotproud.=Assuccessfulasheis,heisnotproud.他雖成功了，但不驕傲。8.比較狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：as(同級比較),than(不同程度的比較)(比較狀語從句通常由as…as,比較級+lhan…等連詞引導(dǎo)。)特殊引導(dǎo)詞：themore...themore...;AistoBwhat/asXistoY;no...morethan;Sheisasbad-temperedashermother.Thehouseisthreetimesasbigasours.Themoreyouexercise,thehealthieryouwillbe.Foodistomenwhatoilistomachine.食物之于人，猶如油之于機器。more...than...引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句表示“比……多；比……更加……或與其說……倒不如說……”的意思。例如：①Manycompaniesusecomputersmorethantheyusedto.許多公司比過去更多地使用電腦。②Insomeplacesbottledwatercostsmorethanaglassofbeer.在有些地方瓶裝水比一杯啤酒還貴。③Dorflbetoohardonhim.He，smorecheatedthanslupid.別對他太茍刻了，與其說他愚蠢倒不如說他被欺騙了。9.方式狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：as,asif,asthough特殊引導(dǎo)詞：thewayWheninRome,doastheRomando.Shebehavedasifsheweretheboss.Sometimesweteachourchildrenthewayourparentshavetaughtus.狀語從句的簡化1、狀語從句同時具備下列兩個條件：①主句和從句的主語一致，或從句主語為it;②從句主要動詞是be的某種形式。從句中的主語和be動詞?？墒÷?。例如：When(themuseumis)completed,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.He'llgototheseasideforhisholidayif(itis)possible.2、另外，比較狀語從句經(jīng)常省略。例如：I'mtallerthanhe(istall).Thehigherthetemperature(is),thegreaterthepressure(is).3、就狀語從句而言，有時為了使語言言簡意賅.常常將狀語從句進行“簡化"。狀語從句的”簡化“現(xiàn)象在口語中較為普遍,而且在高考中的復(fù)現(xiàn)率也較高。因此，有必要對其進行全面、透徹的了解。狀語從句的“簡化”現(xiàn)象常存在于以下五種狀語從句中：①由if,unless等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句；②由although,though,evenif/though等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句；③由when,while,as,before,after,until/till等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句；④由as,asif等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句；⑤由as,than等引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句。下面針對這五種情形作一歸納。⑴當狀語從句的主語是it,且謂語動詞是be時,it和be要完全簡化掉。例如：If(itis)possible,hewillhelpyououtofthedifficulty.如果可能的話他會幫你擺脫困境。Youmustattendthemeetingunless(itis)inconvenienttoyou.除非情況對你來說不方便,否則你必須出席這次會議。(2)當狀語從句的主語和主句的主語一致時，從句可以將主語和be動詞簡化掉。When(themuseumis)completed,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.常用于以下幾種情形：1.連詞+形容詞
26When(theyare)ripe,thegrapeswillbedelicious.當葡萄成熟之后，就會很好吃。As(hewas)young,helearnedhowtorideabike.他小時候就學會了騎自行車。Whenever(sheis)free,sheoftengoesshopping.她有空就去逛商店。Workhardwhen(youare)young,oryou'llregret.少壯不努力,老大徒傷悲。1..連詞+名詞While(hewas)ayoungboy,hewasalwaysreadytohelpothers.他在孩提時代就樂于助人。Although(hewas)afarmer,nowheisafamousdirector.盡管他曾是個農(nóng)民,而現(xiàn)在是位著名的導(dǎo)演了。2.連詞+副詞Once(youare)inside,begintowork.一進去，就開始工作。Shelookedanxiousasthough(shewas)introuble.她看上去很焦急，好像遇到了麻煩。HehadmasteredtheEnglishlanguagebefore(hewas)intheUSA.他到美國之前就懂英語了。4、連詞+介詞短語When(youare)indoubt(不肯定)，pleaseconsultadictionary(查字典).5.連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞As(shewas)walkingalongtheriverbank,shewassingingapopsong.她沿著河堤邊走邊唱著流行歌曲OLookoutforcarswhen(youare)crossingthestreet.過馬路時要小心車。6.連詞+過去分詞Don'tcomeinuntil(youare)askedto.不叫你請不要進來。Hewon*tgotherewithusunless(heis)invited.除非受到邀請，否則他不會和我們一道去那里。Theconcertwasagreatsuccessthan(itwas)expected.這場音樂會出乎意料地取得了巨大成功。7.連詞+不定式Hestoodupasif(hewere)tosaysomething.當時他站起來好像要說什么。Heclearedhisthroatasif(hewanted)tosaysomething.他清了清嗓子，像要說什么似的。Hewouldn'tsolvetheproblemevenif(hewere)totakecharge.即使他來負責，他也解決不了這個問題。注意:當從句主語和主句主語不一致時，從句部分要么用完全形式，要么用獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)來表達。例如：Whenthemeetingwasover,allthepeoplewentoutofthemeeting?room.當會議結(jié)束時，人們都走出了會議室。(=Themeetingover,)鞏固提升l.rilletyouknowhecomesback.A.beforeB.becauseC.assoonas2.Shewillsingasongsheisasked.A.ifB.unlessC.for3.Wewillworkweareneeded.A.wheneverB.becauseC.since4.Readitaloudtheclasscanhearyou.D.althoughD.sinceD.whereverA.sothatB.ifC.when5.yougo,don*tforgetyourpeople.D.although
27A.WheneverB.HoweverC.WhereverD.Whichever6.ItisabouttenyearsImetyoulast.A.sinceB.forC.whenD.as7.Theywillneversucceed,hardtheytry.A.becauseB.HoweverC.whenD.since8.stillhalfdrunk,hemadehiswayhome.A.WhenB.BecauseC.ThoughD.As9.shewasverytired,shewentonworking.A.AsB.AlthoughC.EvenD.Inspiteof10.Busyhewas,hetriedhisbesttohelpyou.A.asB.whenC.sinceD.for11.1learnedalittleRussianIwasatmiddleschool.A.thoughB.althoughC.asifD.when12.wegottothestation,thetrainhadleftalready.A.IfB.UnlessC.SinceD.When13.therainstops,we'11setoffforthestation.A.BeforeB.UnlessC.AssoonasD.Though14.Shewastiredshecouldnotmoveaninch.A.so,thatB.such,thatC.very,thatD.so,as15.Wedidn'tgohomewefinishedthework.A.sinceB.untilC.BecauseD.though16.I'llstayhereeveryoneelsecomesback.A.evenifB.asthoughC.becauseD.until翻譯練習1.當我進屋時，他正在寫信。2.無論你去哪都要遵守法律。3.昨天我回來晚了，因為我值班。4.我把真實情況告訴你，使你能自己作出判斷。5.他十分激動，以致一句話都說不出來。
281.如果我們不怕困難，困難就算不了什么了。2.看上去她好象是生病了。3.雖然我們干了一天活，但并不累。4.Themoreyouread,thebetteryouunderstand.5.Theyworkedharderthanusualinorderthattheycouldfinishtheworkaheadoftime.6.Weturneduptheradio,sothateveryoneheardthenews.7.Shedidn'tstopworkinguntileleveno'clock.倒裝句倒裝的兩種形式：1.完全倒裝：將整個謂語動詞提到主語前。2.部分倒裝：即半倒裝，將謂語的一部分即助動詞提到主語前。一、完全倒裝1.表方位的副詞here,there或out,in,up,down,away,off等標志詞放在句首,句子用完全倒裝。Herecomesthebus.Theregoesthebell.【辨析】當主語是人稱代詞時，主謂語序不變。Hereitis.Herehecomes.2.地點狀語放在句首且謂語動詞為come,live,lie,go等時用完全倒裝。Insouthoftheriverliesasmallfactory.Fromthevalleycameacry.3.such,thefollowing等放句首時，句子要完全倒裝。Suchislife.Thefollowingistheanswertothequestion.4.Therelie/exist/stand/live+主語+…是therebe句型的變式。Thereisatallbuildingonthetopofthemountain.Therestandsanancienttoweronthetopof.themountain.5.“表語+系動詞+主語”的結(jié)構(gòu)。PresentatthepartywereMr.Greenandmanyotherguests.
29Seatedonthegroundareagroupofyoungmen.1.Such作指示代詞放在句首時。Suchisourplan.Sucharethefacts;noonecandenythem.二、部分倒裝1.含有否定意義的副詞或短語如：few,little,never,not,notuntil,nowhere,rarely,seldom,hardly/scarcely???when..nosooner…(than)…，notonly...(butalso),atnotime,bynomeans等放在句首時,需用部分倒裝。Littledoesheknowaboutthenews.Bynomeanscanhecatchupinsuchashorttime.【注意1】Notonly...butalso連接兩個并列主語時不可倒裝。只有在連接兩個句子且將notonly所連接的句子提到句首時，才可用倒裝，bulalso后面的句子不倒裝。NotonlychildrenbutalsoadultsareinterestedinthefilmHarryPotter.Notonlywastherenoelectricity,butalsonowater.【注意2】nosooner...than...,hardly...when...,scarcely...when…引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句表示“剛就"“一就”主句常常用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)Nosoonerhadgotoffthebusthanisawhim.Hardly/ScarcelyhadIenteredtheroomwhenthephonerang.【注意3】Notuntil+時間狀語或時間狀語從句+主句，主句須用部分倒裝。Ididn'trealizemymistakeuntilthen.=NotuntilthendidIrealizemymistake.【注意4】neither...nor...連接并列分句時，前后兩個分句都倒裝。NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit.2.neither/nor/so/as為標志詞放在句首時，句子用倒裝。①表示前面所說的肯定情況，也適合于另一人或物時，句式如下：so/as+be(助動詞或情態(tài)動詞)+主語。②表示前面所說的否定情況也適合于另一人或物時，句式如下：neither(nor)+be(助動詞或情態(tài)動詞)+主語。一I'vegotanenormousamountofworktodo.—SohaveI.Hebelieved,asdidallhisfamily,thatyouwereinnocent.Ifshedoesn'tagreetotheplan,neitherwillTom.
301.only與其修飾的副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句放在句首時，主句用部分倒裝。OnlyinthiswaycanyoulearnEnglishwell.注意：0叫修飾主語時放在句首不到裝。Onlythatboycanworkouttheproblem.2.在虛擬語氣條件句中，從句謂語有助動詞were,had,should時，可將if省略，而把were,had,should移到句首。WereIyou,Iwouldn'tdothat.3.在“so…that”和“such…that”結(jié)構(gòu)中，將“so+adj.”和“such+n.”提到句首時，句子用部分倒裝。Soterriblewasthestormthatthewholeroofwasblownoff.SuchacleverboywasJackthathewasabletoworkoutallthesedifficultproblems.三、形式倒裝形式上的倒裝在語法上稱為前置。它的特點是，只把強調(diào)內(nèi)容提至句首，主謂并不到裝。這種結(jié)構(gòu)非常多，但有四個重要句型需特別留意。La§/though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時要倒裝，其結(jié)構(gòu)為：形容詞/副詞/名詞/動詞原型+as+主語+謂語Proudastheyare,theyareafraidtoseeme.Childasheis,heseemstoknoweverything.Hardasheworked,hemadelittleprogress.注意：1)謂語動詞前置的倒裝，從句主語后要用may,might,can,could,will,would等情態(tài)動詞，若沒有情態(tài)動詞則加上一個do(does/did),若前置動詞是及物動詞，則其賓語也隨其后一同提前。Tryashemay,heneversucceeds.Changeyourmindasyouwill,youwillgetnohelpfromus.2)名詞前應(yīng)省去冠詞，形容詞最高級前應(yīng)省去the.Heroasheis,hehassomeshortcomings.Oldestasheis,hedoesn'tdowellinstudies.3)as,though,although都可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句必須倒裝，though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句既可倒裝也可不到裝，although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句不能倒裝。Teacheras/thoughMickis,heisnotcapableofteachingallsubjects.Though/AlthoughMickisateacher,heisnotcapableofteachingallsubjects.
312.感嘆句Whataninterestingtalktheyhad!Howinterestingtheirtalkwas!3.themore...,themore…句型Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.=Ifyouworkharder,youwillmakegreaterprogress.4.Wh-ever,however引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。Wh-ever=nomatterwh-,however=nomatterhow
32Howdifficulttheproblemmaybe,wemustworkitoutthisevening.Whateverreasonsyouhave,youshouldcarryoutyourpromise.鞏固提升1.Neverinmylifesuchathing.A.IhaveheardoforseenB.IhadheardoforseenC.haveIheardoforseenD.didIhearoforseen2.SeldomA.theywatch.TVduringtheday.B.aretheywatchingC.havetheywatchedD.dotheywatch3.Notuntilhiscomradescriticizedhimtoadmithismistake.A.doeshebeginB.didhebeginC.beganheD.hadhebegun4.Notonlyapromise,butalsohekeptit.A.didhemakeB.hemadeC.doeshemakeD.hashemade5.norreadEnglish.A.Can?theeitherwriteB.HecanneitherwriteC.CanheneitherwriteD.Neitherhecanwrite6.OnlywhenthousandsofflowersbloomtogetherA.springwillbeconsideredhereC.canspringbeconsideredhereB.couldspringbeconsideringhereD.springcanbeconsideredhere7.hisappearancethatnoonecouldrecognizehim.A.SowasstrangeB.WassostrangeC.SostrangewasD.Strangesowas8.andcaughtthemouse.A.Upthecatjumped9.“Itwascoldyesterday.'"：B.ThecatupjumpedC.UpjumpedthecatD.JumpedupthecatA.Soitwas10..“Whichofthefollowingiswrong.B.SoisittodayC.SowasitthedaybeforeD.Soitdidandthelessonbegan.A.IncameMr.BrownB.Mr.BrownincameC.IncameheD.CameinMr.Brown11.OnthewallA.hangs12.Nevertwolargeportraits.B.hangC.hangedD.arehangingsuchawonderfulplaceasHangzhou.A.haveIseenB.IhaveseenC.HadIseenD.Ihadseen13..,shewasverybrave.A.GirlasshewasB.AsshewasagirlC.AgirlasshewasD.Girlaswasshe14.LittleA.SusanknewB.didSusanknowC.knewSusanD.wasSusanknown15.SuchA.istheresultsoftheexperiments.B.wasC.areD.asbethatshewasseriouslyillherself.16.1didn'treadthenotice.A.SodidheB.Neitherdidn'theC.NordidheD.Hedidn't,too17.A.IfIknewitB.HadIknownitC.IfIknowitD.DidIknowit,Iwouldhavephonedyou.18.“Theyhavedoneagoodjob.M;A.SotheyhavedoneB.SotheyhaveC.SohavetheyD.Soisit19.NowA.thereisB.hascomeC.comesD.willcome20.HardlyA.didIreachtherailwaystationwhenthetrainstarted.B.hadIreachedC.IreachedD.Ihadreachedyourturntorecitethetext.21.liketowatchTVplays,butIdon'twatchTVeveryevening.Mt4.A.SodoIB.SoIdoC.IdosoD.Soitiswithme22.Rarelysuchasillything.
33A.DidB.ShouldC.WouldD.Will24.Seldomplaychess.A.weB.wewill25.Onlyafterhisdeathconsideredcorrect.A.washistheoryB.histheorywas26.AlbertEinsteincaredlittleformoney.A.EitherdidB.Sowas27.theplane.C.doweC.didhistheoryProfessorWang.C.SodidD.willweD.hadhistheoryD.NeitherdidA.FlewdownB.DownflewC.DownwasflyingD.Downflying28.1don'tthinkJackwillcometoday,.A.orMarydoesB.MarywilleitherC.andMarydoesn'tD.norwillMary29.“Whereisyourfather?”"Oh,A.herecomesheB.heredoeshecomeC.heherecomesD.herehecomes30.herealizeditwastoolatetoreturnhome.A.haveIheardofB.IhaveheardofC.hearIofD.wasIheardof23.therainstop,thecropswouldbesaved.A.NosooneritgrewdarkthanB.HardlydiditgrowdarkwhenC.11wasnotuntildarkthatD.11wasuntildarkthat虛擬語氣【TheSubjunctiveMood】語氣（mood）是一種動詞形式，用以表示說話者的意圖或態(tài)度。英語中的語氣有三種：陳述語氣、祈使語氣和虛擬語氣。直陳語氣（indicativemood）,表示所說的話是事實。祈使語氣（imperativemood）,表示所說的話是請求或命令。虛擬語氣（subjunctivemood）,表示說的話不是事實，或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況，而是一種愿望、建議或與事實相反的假設(shè)等。一.虛擬語氣在條件句中的應(yīng)用學習虛擬語氣在條件句中的用法之前我們必須清楚條件句的種類：條件句有真實條件句與非真實條件句（或稱虛擬條件句）兩種。真實條件句所表的假設(shè)是可能發(fā)生或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的，句中的條件從句與結(jié)果主句都用陳述語氣。Ifitdoesn'traintomorrow,Iwillgoforapicnic.假若明天不下雨，我就去野餐。Oilfloatsifyoupouritonwater.你如把油倒在水里，油就浮起來。虛擬條件句所表的假設(shè)則是不可能或不大可能發(fā)生或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的，句中的條件從句與結(jié)果主句皆須用虛擬語氣。條件從句主句與現(xiàn)在事實相違背過去式（動詞是be用were）should/would/could/might+動詞原形與過去事實相違背had+過去分詞should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞與未來事實相違背1）should+動詞原形2）were+動詞不定式3）過去式（動詞是Be也可以用were）should/would/could/might+動詞原形
341.與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬條件句，條件從句的謂語用動詞的過去式（be的過去式用were）,主句的謂語用should（would,might,could）+動詞原形。如：Ifitwerenotraining,weshouldgoforapicnic.如果現(xiàn)在不下雨的話，我們就出去野餐了。如果他來這，他就能夠幫助你了。2.與過去事實相反的虛擬條件句，條件從句的謂語用had+過去分詞，主句的謂語用should（would,might,could）+have+過去分詞。如：Shewouldhavegonetothepartyifshehadbeeninvited.要是當初她被邀請的話，她就會去參加這次聚會了。今天早上，她要是不叫我的話，我就會睡過頭了。3.與將來事實可能相反的虛擬條件句，條件從句的謂語用動詞的過去式（be的過去式用were）；should+動詞原形；wereto+動詞原形，主句用should（would,might,could）+動詞原形。如：IfIweretobetwentyyearsoldnextyear,IwouldtakethecourseofFrench.明年我要是二十歲，我就會學法語。要是失敗了，我會再試一次。虛擬過去式有時并不表示“不大可能實現(xiàn)的假設(shè)”，而是表示一種希望或不希望發(fā)生的動作。如：Ifwecaughttheearlytrain,we'dgettherebylunchtime.Ifwemissedthetrain,weshouldhavetowaitanhouratthestation.4.混合型的條件句當條件從句與主句所表的時間不一致時，虛擬語氣的形式應(yīng)作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。主句和從句的謂語動詞并不相互呼應(yīng),這種條件句叫混合條件句。較多見的混合型條件句是從句用過去完成時（指過去行為），而主句用一般時（指目前狀態(tài)）。Hewouldpassthetestifhehadtakenmyadvice.如果他聽了我的勸告，他現(xiàn)在會通過考試。假如昨天我對他說了，現(xiàn)在我就知道該怎么辦了。假如你接受了我的意見，你現(xiàn)在就會好得多。如條件從句用ifIwere...,主句則可用表任何時間的虛擬形式。如：IfIwerenotbusy,Iwouldhavecome.假如我不忙，我就會去了。IfIwereyou,Iwouldgo.假如我是你，我會去的。二.連詞if的省略如果虛擬條件句的謂語部分有were,had和should時，可省略if,把were,had和should放到從句主語前面去，多見于書面語。要是沒有你的幫助，我就失敗了。假如你處在我的地位，你也會這樣干的。假如他們進攻我們，我們就把他們徹底消滅干凈。三.含蓄條件句虛擬條件句中的條件從句有時不表出來，只暗含在上下文中，這種句子叫做含蓄條件句。含蓄條件句大體有三種情況。1）條件暗含在短語中。如：Butforyourhelpwecouldn'thavesucceededintheexperiment.如果沒有你的幫助，我們的實驗是不會成功的。（暗含在分詞短詞butforyourhelp）WhatwouldIhavedonewithoutyou?如沒有你，我會怎么辦呢？（條件暗含在介詞短語withoutyou中）Itwouldbeeasiertodoitthisway.這樣做會比較容易。（條件暗含在不定式短語todoitthisway中）Thissamething,happeninginwartime,amounttodisaster.同樣的事，如發(fā)生在戰(zhàn)時，就會釀成大禍。（條件暗含在分詞短語happeninginwartime中）Hemusthavethestrengthofahippopotamus,orhenevercouldhavevanquishedthatgreatbeast.他一定是力大如河馬，否則他絕不會擊敗那只龐大的野獸。（暗含條件是連詞。r）Alone,hewouldhavebeenterrified.如是單獨一人，他是會感到害怕的。（暗含條件是alone）
352）條件暗含在上下文中。如：Youmightstayhereforever.你可以永遠待在這兒。（可能暗含ifyouwanledto）Wewouldhavesucceeded.我們本來是會成功的。（可能暗含ifwehadkepttrying）Yourreputationwouldberuined.你的名譽會敗壞的。（可能暗含ifyoushouldacceptit）3）在不少情況下，虛擬式己變成習慣說法，很難找出其暗含的條件。如：Youwouldn'tknow.你不會知道。Iwouldliketocome.我愿意來。四.不用if引導(dǎo)的條件從句虛擬條件句中的條件從句除用if引外，還可用when,unless,lest,suppose,asif,forfear,incase,oncondition等詞語來引導(dǎo)。Thepeasantspreparedtofeedthecitywhenitshouldbefreed.農(nóng)民己準備在這座城市解放后供給糧食。Lestyoushouldnothaveheardall,Ishallbeginatthebeginning.我怕你沒有聽全，所以我再從頭開始講一遍。UnlessIwerewell,Iwouldn'tbeatschool.除非我好了，否則我不會上學。SupposeyouweregivenachancetostudyinAmerica,wouldyouaccept?假如給你一個到美國學習的機會，你會接受嗎？（suppose或supposing=whatif）Supposingitwereso?（=Supposingitwereso,whatwouldhappen?）要是這樣的話，會怎么樣呢？Hecanusethebicycleonconditionthatheshouldreturnittomorrow.如果明天能還回來，他就可以借用這輛自行車。IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeofmypromise如果我忘了，請?zhí)嵝盐业闹Z言。Susaniswalkingslowly,asifsheweretired.蘇珊走得很慢，就像是累了似的。與if一樣，上述詞語所引導(dǎo)的條件從句亦可用直陳語氣，表可能實現(xiàn)或發(fā)生的事。虛擬語氣補充講解虛擬語氣除主要用于條件句（也就是狀語從句）外，還可用于主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、定語從句等。1.虛擬語氣在主語從句中的應(yīng)用“常用在Ilis（was）+形容詞/過去分詞+lhat引導(dǎo)的主語從句”的句型中的主語從句要用虛擬語氣。主語從句的謂語用should+動詞原形（或should+have+過去分詞）或只用動詞原形（尤其是美國英語）。should在此是助動詞，本身并無實義，這種主語從句中的should有時有感情色彩。Itsimportantthatwe（should）workoutaplan.（帶有“要求”的含義）It'sbetterthathegoatonce.（帶有"建議"的意思）☆用于本句型的形容詞并不多，常見形容詞有：necessary,important?best,right,impossible,preferable,desirable,imperative,advisable>essential,reserved,urgent,等。Itisnecessarythathe（should）besentthereatonce.Ifsstrangethatheshouldsayso.Iwasgladthatheshouldgo.Itisapitythatsheshouldfaresobadly.☆用于本句型中的過去分詞就是表示提議要求、命令等動詞的過去分詞，如suggested,settled,required,requested,demandedturged,decided,proposed,ordered,desired,advised等。ItisrequestedthatProfessorLiu（should）giveusalecture.Itisdesiredthatwe（should）geteverythingreadybytonight.I'mashamedyoushouldhavedonesuchathing.Ithasbeensuggestedthatthemeeting（should）beputoff.注意：這種句型中的主語從句也可用陳述語氣，如：Itwasimportantthathemadeanexplicitstatementonthisscorelastweek.他上個星期對于這一方面做了明確的說明，這是很重要的。2.虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的應(yīng)用1).賓語從句在表示提議、要求、命令、意志等動詞后，其謂語用should+動詞原形或只用動詞原形的虛擬語氣，作為
36suggest,request,demand,urge,propose,prefer,advise,insist*require,order,command,maintain,ask,object,arrange,desire等動詞的賓語。醫(yī)生建議他不要去那里。Hesuggestedthatweshouldleaveearly.他建議我們早點動身。Thejudgeorderedthattheprisonershouldberemanded.法官命令被告還押。1).wish的賓語的從句，表示愿望，常省去連詞that?！顝木涞闹^語動詞可用過去式，表示現(xiàn)在的愿望(與現(xiàn)在事實相反)，雖實現(xiàn)的可能性不大，但仍有實現(xiàn)的可能。我但愿這是真的?！顝木涞闹^語動詞還可用“could(would,might)+動詞原形”用來表示將來的愿望我希望你再待一會兒。☆表無能為力的過去愿望(與過去事實相反)，可用“had+過去分詞”或"could(would,might)+have+過去分詞”我希望你昨天來過電話。我們真希望你來參加了我們的新年聯(lián)歡會。2).wouldrather,wouldsooner等表示愿望，其賓語從句常用虛擬過去式。☆表示與現(xiàn)在和將來含義事實相反的虛擬語氣要用動詞的過去式☆用過去完成式(had+過去分詞)表示過去事實相反的含義我寧愿你明天來。我寧愿她把重活留給別人。3).有些動詞，如think,expect,believe,其否定式的賓語從句亦可用should+動詞原形。如：Ineverthoughtheshouldrefuse.我萬沒有想到他會拒絕。Shedidnotexpectthatyoushouldcome.她沒有預(yù)料你會來。3.虛擬語氣在表語從句中的應(yīng)用名詞suggestion,proposal,order,advice,demand等作主語，其后的表語從句中的謂語動詞一般使用虛擬語氣，用should+動詞原形或省略shouldo我的建議是我們應(yīng)派幾個戰(zhàn)士去增援他們。他提出一個要求，要求她立刻離開這個地方。我們唯一的請求就是盡快解決這個問題。注意：虛擬語氣也可以用于同位語從句。有一項建議是布朗應(yīng)該離隊。4.虛擬語氣在定語從句中的應(yīng)用常用在Itistime(that)…句型中，定語從句常用虛擬過去式Itistimethechildrenwenttobed.孩子們早該上床睡覺了。(表示催促)It'shightimethathebegantothinkhowtodealwithmoney.他早該開始考慮如何與錢打交道。Itistimeweleft.我們該走了。Itistimewewenttobed.我們該去睡覺了。5.虛擬式動詞原形亦常用在獨立句中，表愿望LonglivetheCommunistPartyofChina!中國共產(chǎn)黨萬歲！Godblessyou!上帝保佑你。Goddamnit!該死的！Thedeviltakeyou!見鬼去吧!
37Sobeitthen.就那樣吧。鞏固提升1.1enjoyedthemovieverymuch.IwishIthebookfromwhichitwasmade.A.havereadB.hadreadC.shouldhavereadD.arereading2.Youarelate.Ifyouafewminutesearlier,youhim.A.come;wouldmeetB.hadcome;wouldhavemetC.come;willmeetD.hadcome;wouldmeet3.Thetwostudentstalkedasiftheyfriendsforyears.A.shouldbeB.wouldbeC.havebeenD.hadbeen4.ItisimportantthatIwithMr.Williamsimmediately.A.speakB.spokeC.willspeakD.tospeak5.Helookedasifheillfbralongtime.A.wasB.WereC.hasbeenD.hadbeen6.1fthedoctorhadcomeearlier,thepoorchildwouldnot.A.havelaidtherefbrtwohoursB.havebeenliedtherefbrtwohoursC.haveliedtherefbrtwohoursD.havelaintherefortwohours7.1wishthatIwithyoulastnight.A.wentB.couldgoC.havegoneD.couldhavegone8.Let'ssayyoucouldgothereagain,howfeel?A.willyouB.shouldyouC.wouldyouD.doyou9.1can'tstandhim.Healwaystalksasthoughheeverything.A.knewB.knowsC.hasknownD.hadknown10.thefog,weshouldhavereachedourschool.A.BecauseofB.InspiteofC.IncaseofD.Butfor1l.Ifyouhadtoldmeinadvance,Ihimattheairport.A.wouldmeetB.wouldhadmetC.wouldhavemetD.wouldhavemeet12.Mikecantakehiscarapartandputitbacktogetheragain.Icertainlywishhemehow.A.teachesB.willteachC.hastaughtD.wouldteach13.1wouldhavetoldhimtheanswer,haditbeenpossible,butIsobusythen.A.hadbeenB.wereC.wasD.wouldbe14.He'sworkinghardforfearthathe.A.shouldfallbehindB.fellbehindC.mayfallbehindD.wouldfallenbehind1.1Ifitanothertenminutes,thegamewouldhavebeencalledoff.A.hadrainedB.wouldhaverainedC.haveseenD.rained16.Hesuggestedthattheyuseatrickinsteadoffighting.A.shouldB.wouldC.doD.had17.MyfatherdidnotgotoNewYork;thedoctorsuggestedthathethere.A.notwentB.won'tgoC.notgoD.nottogo1.11wouldhavegonetothemeetingifItime.A.hadhadB.havehadC.hadD.wouldhavehad19.WouldyouratherIbuyinganewbike?A.decidedagainstB.willdecideagainstC.havedecidedD.shalldecideagainst20.Youlooksotiredtonight.Itistimeyou.A.gotosleepB.wenttosleepC.gotobedD.wenttobed21.—Whydidn'tyoubuyanewcar?—IwouldhaveboughtoneifIenoughmoney.A.hadB.havehadC.wouldhaveD.hadhad22.Ifshecouldsew,.A.shemakeadressB.shewouldhavemadeashirt
38C.shewillmakeashirtD.shewouldhadmadeacoat23.today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.A.WouldheleaveB.WasheleavingC.WerehetoleaveD.Ifheleaves24.Hisdoctorsuggestedthatheashorttripabroad.A.willtakeB.wouldtakeC.takeD.took25.TheBakersarrivedlastnight.Ifthey'donlyletusknowearlier,atthestation.A.we'dmeetthemB.we'llmeetthemC.we'dhavemetthemD.we'vemetthem1.11fIyou,ImoreattentiontoEnglishidiomsandphrases.A.was;shallpayB.am;willpayC.wouldbe;wouldpayD.were;wouldpay27.Wemighthavefailedifyouusahelpinghand.A.havenotgivenB.wouldnotgiveC.hadnotgivenD.didnotgive28.Thelawrequiresthateveryonehiscarcheckedatleastonceayear.A.hasB.hadC.haveD.willhave29.Itisstrangethatheso.A.wouldsayB.wouldspeakC.shouldsayD.willspeak3O.HadIknownhername,A.ordoessheknowmine?B.andwheredoesshelive?C.shewouldbebeautiful.D.Iwouldhaveinvitedhertolunch.3l.Hehasjustarrived,buthetalksasifheallaboutthat.A.knowB.knowsC.knownD.knew32.IfIthemoney,Iwouldhaveboughtamuchbiggercar.A.possessedB.ownedC.hadD.hadhad33.Hewasverybusyyesterday;otherwise,hetothemeeting.A.wouldcomeB.cameC.wouldhavecomeD.willcome34.ThelibrarianinsiststhatJohnnomorebooksfromthelibrarybeforehereturnsallthebookshehasborrowed.A.willtakeB.tookC.takeD.takes35.1leftveryearlylastnight,butIwishIsoearly.A.didn'tleaveB.hadn'tleftC.haven'tleftD.couldn'tleave36.1donothaveajob.IwouldfindonebutInotime.A.hadB.didn'thaveC.hadhadD.have37.1wishthatyousuchabadheadachebecauseI'msurethatyouwouldhaveenjoyedtheconcert.A.hadn'tB.didn'thavehadC.hadn'thadD.hadn'thave38.Heinsistedthatweallinhisofficeatoneo'clock.A.beB.tobeC.wouldbeD.shallbe39.Helencouldn'tgotoFranceafterall.Thal'stoobad.I'msureshewouldhaveenjoyeditif.A.she'sgoneB.shellgoC.she'dgoneD.she'dgo40.--一Filbewaitingforyouathome.----Iwerebusyandcouldn'tcome?A.WhatifB.WhatwhenC.HowifD.Howwhen主謂一致一、定義“主謂一致”是指謂語動詞與主語必須在人稱、性、數(shù)上保持一致，即主語是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語也用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如are,were,have等，主語是單數(shù)，謂語要用單數(shù)形式，如：is,was,has,works等。二、主謂一致的種類：語法一致，意義一致和鄰近一致。(一)、語法一致：主語為單數(shù)形式，謂語動詞也用單數(shù)形式；主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語動詞也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
39e.g.Ioftenhimandheoftenme.Weofteneachother,(help)不可數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式作主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。Morethanonestudentpraisedbytheheadmasteratthemeeting.1.由and和bolh…and…連接兩個名詞或代詞作主語時，一般情況下謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Heandshebothgoodstudents.Bothbreadandbuttersoldoutinthatgrocery.注意：如果連接兩個以上的名詞指的是同一個人或物，或者指同一概念的時候，謂語要用單數(shù)。Thesingeranddancergoingtogiveusaperformance.TheknifeandforkonthetableBreadandbutternutritious.奶油面包有營養(yǎng)?Warandpeaceaconstantthemeinhistory戰(zhàn)爭與和平是歷史上一個永恒的主題。2.如果主語是不定式，動詞ing形式或主語從句的時候，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)。Whenheiscoming(seem)veryimportant.他什么時候要來看起來很重要。Collectingstampshishobby.收集郵票是他的愛好°Tolovehernottobreakherwings.愛她就不該折斷她自由飛翔的翅膀。3.定語從句的關(guān)系代詞who,which,thal在從句中作主語時，要與先行詞的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。Thosewhosingingmayjoinus.Tom,whoyourfriend,shouldhelpyou.1,whoonlyacommonworker,willretireintwoyears.注意：oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+從句，從句的謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)，而the(only/very)oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+從句，從句的謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)。例如：Thisisoneofthemostinterestingquestionsthatbeenasked.(have)這是所問到的最有趣的問題之一。Sarahistheonlyoneofthegirlswhointheband*(play)He'stheonlyoneoftheboyswhopraised.He'soneoftheboyswhopraised.4.with,alongwith,togetherwith,aswellas,besides,like,without,except,but,including如果句子中有這些連接詞和主語“連用，謂語動詞的數(shù)隨主語的變化而變化。例如：Theteacher,togetherwithhisstudents,plantingtreesinthestreet.老師和他的學生們正在街道上植樹。Mr.Black,aswellastwowomen,attheoffice.Allbutoneherejustnow.除了一個,剛才其他所有的(人)都在這里。Alibrarywithfivethousandbooksofferedtothenation.有著五千本書的一個圖書館提供給了國家。5.由every...andevery...,each…andeach…，manya...andmanya…，no...andno…等構(gòu)成復(fù)合主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形
40式。例如：Eachmanandeachwomaninvited.每個男人和女人都邀請了。Noboyandnogirltherenow.現(xiàn)在那里沒有一個男孩和女孩。Manyaboyandmanyagirlbeeninvited.(have)很多男孩和女孩都被邀請了。InChinaeveryboyandeverygirltherighttoreceiveeducation.(have)在中國每個男孩和女孩都有接受教育的權(quán)利。4.“morethanone/manya+名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；"morethantwo,three...+名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Morethanoneboybeenthere.(have)不止一個孩子去過那里。Manyastudentgoingtobealawyerinthefuture.將來不止一個學生要當律師。Morethantwoboysbeenthere.(have)不止兩個孩子去過那里。5.the+形容詞，表示一類人，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；若the+形容詞，表示一類物，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如：Therichforthedecisionbutthepooragainstit.有錢人支持這個決定，但是窮人反對它。Thegreenhers.這件綠色的東西是她的。Thebeautifulforever,(live)美是永存的.6.由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式，但若從句謂語或從句后的表語是復(fù)數(shù)形式,則謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù).Whatyousaidquitetodiepoint.你說到點子上去了.Whatweneedqualifiedteachers.我們需要的是合格的教師.比較：Whatshesaysanddoesnotagree.(do)(“說"和"做"是兩件事)Whatshesaysanddoesnotmattermuch.(說和做為一件事，總指其行為)注意:由and連接兩個what從句作主語時，謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù).例如：Whathesaidandwhathediddifferent.他言行不一致.WhatIsayandwhatIthinknobusinessofhis.我所說的和想的不管他的事.9,代詞none和ne汕er做主語時，有時作單數(shù)看待，有時作復(fù)數(shù)看待，主要根據(jù)說話人的意思來決定。但是代表不可數(shù)名詞時，只作單數(shù)。neither作形容詞時與單數(shù)名詞連用，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。例如：Noneofthemarrivedyet.(have)Noneofthismoneymine.Neitherofthestudentstheanswer.(know)這兩個學生都不知道答案。Neitherstatementtrue.這兩個陳述都不真實。10.“分數(shù)或百分數(shù)+of+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于其中的名詞.例如:Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthsea,四分之三的地球表面是海洋。Two-thirdsoftheyouththeplan.(support)三分之二的年輕人支持這個計劃。Tensoftonsofwasteintotheairwiththesmokeeveryday.(go)
41每天得有數(shù)十噸的廢物隨著煙霧排放到空中。10.由every,any,some,no構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞everyone,everybody,everything,anyone,anybody,anything,someone,somebody,something,noone,nobody,nothing以及each,every,either,little,much等+名詞/代詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。Muchbeendonetosolvethetrafficproblem.(have)已經(jīng)為解決交通問題做了許多工作。Whenhecameback,nothingthesameasbefore.他回來時，一切都和以前不一樣了。Everyoneintheclassssumrisedatthenews.Listen,someoneknockingatthedoor.11.“all(of),half(of),some(of)以及therest(of),most(of),theremainder,plentyof,apartof,alotof,lotsof等十名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于它們所修飾的名詞。例如：Halfofthefoodbeensenttothatarea.(have)一半的食物背送往那個地方。Halfofthestudentsseenthefilm,(have)一半的學生看過這個電影。Mostofhissparetimespentinreading,這食物中有一半不能吃。Mostofthehousesinthistownnew.這座城市的大多數(shù)房子是新的。Therestofthemoneylockedinthesafe.剩余的錢鎖在保險箱的。Therestofthepeasantsstillpoor.其余的農(nóng)民還很窮。13,-thiskindof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”做主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)；“復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ofthiskind”做主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如:ThiskindofapplesimportedfromAmerica,這種蘋果是從美國進口的。Plantsofthiskindgrowingintropicalareas.這種植物生長在熱帶地區(qū)。二、意義一致所謂意義一致原則是指謂語動詞和主語一致不是取決于主語的語法形式，而是其實際意義。有的主語名詞在形式上是單數(shù)，但在意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù)；有的主語名詞在形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，但在意義上卻是單數(shù)。1.集合名詞作主語，動詞可用單數(shù)，也可以用復(fù)數(shù)。主要由句子的意思決定。強調(diào)整體謂語動詞用單數(shù)；指全體人員時，動詞則用復(fù)數(shù)。這一類常見的集合名詞有public,family,class,crowd,population,team,group0Hisfamilyagoodsampletofollow.他們家是一個學習的榜樣。Hisfamilyallmusiclovers.他們?nèi)胰硕际且魳窅酆谜摺?.某些名詞如people,police,cattle等，形式上是單數(shù)，但意義上是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。People指“民族”時例外。Thepolicesearchingforathief.Thecattleeatinggrassonthehill.3.某些詞結(jié)尾字母為s,但并不是復(fù)數(shù)形式，如:physics,maths,economics(經(jīng)濟學),politics,news...作主語時用單數(shù)形式。means,works(著作)單復(fù)同形。例如：Physicsveryimportant.物理是很重要的。AHmeansbeentried.(have)所有的方法都已經(jīng)試過了。Everypossiblemeansbeenusedtopreventairpollution,buttheskyisstillnotclear.(have)4.當一些由兩部分構(gòu)成的表示衣物或工具的名稱作主語時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如:trousers,shorts,shoes,glasses,goods,
42clothes,chopsticks,scissors.如果這些詞由apair,piece,kind,type,box+of修飾，則用單數(shù)形式.例如：Mytrouserswhiteandhisclothesblack.我的褲子是白色的，他的衣服是黑色的。Thesekindsofglassespopular,(kinds為復(fù)數(shù)時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù))這幾種眼鏡很流行。Theshoeswornout.鞋子破了。Thepairofshoeswornout,這雙鞋破了。1.單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞，如sheep,deer等做主語時，應(yīng)根據(jù)主語的單復(fù)數(shù)意義確定謂語動詞的形式。例如：Adeeroverthere.那兒有一只鹿。Somedeeroverthere.那兒有幾只鹿《2.populalion做主語時，通?？醋鲉螖?shù)，若population前有分數(shù)、百分數(shù)修飾時，則句子謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：ThepopulationinChinaverylargeand80%ofthepopulationinruralareas.中國人口很多，其中80%的人住在農(nóng)村。3.表示距離，時間，長度,價值，金額，重量等的詞，用復(fù)數(shù)形式時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)。例如：Twothousanddollarsalargesum.兩千美圓是一大筆錢。Twohoursenough.兩個小時就足夠了。4.“a/an+單數(shù)名詞+andhalf”或、+單數(shù)名詞+ortwo”作主語時，謂語動詞常用單數(shù);“oneandahalf+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”或“oneortwo+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”做主語時，謂語動詞常用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Ayearandahalfpassed.(have)Oneandahalftonsofricesold.Oneortwodaysenoughforthiswork.Adayortwoenoughforthiswork.5.復(fù)合不定代詞作主語，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)，如someone,somebody,something,anybody,anyone,anything,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,noone,nothing□Someoneaskingforyou.有人找你。Nothingfoundintheroom,在屋子里什么也沒找到。6.時間、距離、重量、價格等度量衡復(fù)數(shù)名詞及書刊名作主語時，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)。Thirtyyearsnotalongtime.RootsafamousAmericannovel.《根》是一部美國的著名小說。三、近鄰原則由or,notonly...butalso...,not...but...,either...or,neither...nor,whetheror連接主語時，謂語與靠近的主語一致,即就近一致的原則。Therebe句型例如：Heorhisbrotherstoblame.應(yīng)該怪他或他的弟兄們。EitheryouorImad.要么是你要么是我瘋了。Neitheryounorheright.你和它都不對。Notonlytheteacherbutalsohisfamilyfriendlytome.不僅老師,而且他的家人都對我很友好。
43鞏固提升1.ThreediedintheterriblefireinLuoyanglastwinter.A.hundredspeopleB.hundredpeopleC.hundredspeoplesD.hundredpeoples2.Eitheryouorthepresidenttheprizestothesegiftedwinnersatthemeeting.A.ishandingoutB.aretohandoutC.arehandingoutD.istohandout3.1,whoyourclosefriend,willtrymybesttohelpyououtoftrouble.A.amB.isC.areD.be4.TheOlympicGamesintheyear2008inBeijingofChina,whichknowntousall.A.istohold;isB.istobeheld;wasC.aretohold;isD.aretobeheld;is5.TherealotofrubbishonthefloorsoIaskedMarytosweepup.A.were;itB.are;themC.was;itD.is;them6.Threemilliontonsofcoaleveryyearinthecity.A.isexploitedB.areexploitedC.hadexploitedD.haveexploited7.StoriesoftheLongMarchpopularwiththeyoungpeoplenow.A.isB.wasC.areD.were8.Mathematicsthelanguageofscience.A.areB.aregoingtobeC.isD.istobe9.Bothriceandwheatgrowninourcountry.A.isB.areC.wasD.were10.eitherofyourparentscometoseeyourecently?A.HaveB.HadC.HasD.Is11.Whatthechildreninthemountainvillageneedgoodbooks.A.isB.areC.haveD.has12.ThewholefamilyTVattentively.A.arewatchingB.iswatchingC.isseeingD.areseeing13.Nothingbutseveralglassesboughtbymyfatherthedaybeforeyesterday.A.wasB.wereC.havebeenD.wouldbe14.Atthebusstopasoldierandtwoyoungpeopleontheirwaytothevillage.A.wereB.wasC.isD.sits15.Iflawandorder,neitherthecitizennorhisfamilyissafe.A.arenotpreservedB.isnotpreservedC.werepreservedD.havenotbeenpreserved16.Therelittlechangeinthatmiddleschool.A.haveB.hadC.havebeenD.hasbeen17.Whatsuchasunsetisstrangetousall.A.goingtobeB./C.isD.that18.Seventy-fivepercentoftheearthssurfacewithwater.A.iscoveredB.iscoveringC.werecoveredD.arecovered19.Thefollowingsomeothermentaldiseases.A.beingB.areC.wasD.were
4417.NotonlyyoubutalsoIabletohelphimout.
45A.areB.isC.amD.were21.44TheKites"usastoryofthekiteshistory.A.havetoldB.tellsC.weretoldD.wastold22.YouandItwinsisters.A.wereB.areC.isD.am23.AteacherofEnglishandclassteacherussomethingaboutvolunteerworkers.A.aretellingB.istellingC.aregivenD.weregiven24.Thousandsoftonsofrubbishoveralargeperiodoftime.A.rotsawayB.rotawayC.hasrottedawayD.arerottedaway25.Mayoraswellasvolunteerworkersthenewly-builtstadium.A.iscleaningB.arecleaningC.werecleaningD.havecleaned26.ManyastudentsomethingaboutAbrahamLincoln.A.haveknownB.knowsC.isknownD.areknown27.Thedefenceworksbuiltlongagotokeeptheenemyaway.A.wereB.hasbeenC.hadbeenD.was28.“Haveyouallstudiedthepassage4UsingtheMindagainstDisease??”"A.NobodyofushasB.NobodyofushaveC.NoneofushasD.Noneofusdid29.AgroupofItaliansoldiersquicklytowardstheirposition.A.wereadvancingB.wereadvancedC.wasadvancingD.advancing30.Everyone,menandwomen,oldandyoungsportsandgames.A.isenjoyB.wereenjoyingC.enjoysD.enjoy
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