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用心輔導(dǎo)中心英語名詞一、名詞的分類:根據(jù)用法,名詞可以分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞兩類。1.可數(shù)名詞有單、復(fù)數(shù)形式的區(qū)別。需要掌握規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成。*以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞,或元音字母+Y結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時,直接加s變復(fù)數(shù):如:twoMarystheHenrysmonkey-―monkeysholiday——holidays比較:層樓:storey---storeysstory---stories*以。結(jié)尾的名詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時:a.力口s,如:photo■一photospiano——pianosradio—radioszoo——zoos;b.力□es,ill:potato-potatoestomato--tomatoes*以£或fe結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時常去f,fe加ves,如:half--halvesknife■一knivesleaf?一leaveswife■一wiveslife-livesthief■一thieves2?名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化1)child-一childrenfoot■一feettooth■一teethmouse-一miceman■一menwoman——women注意:與man和woman構(gòu)成的合成詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是-men和-women。如:anEnglishman,twoEnglishmen.但German不是合成詞,故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans;Bowman是姓,其復(fù)數(shù)是theBowmanso2)單復(fù)數(shù)同形如:deer,sheep?fish,Chinese,Japaneseli,jin,yuan,twoli,threemu?fourjin但除人民幣元、角、分外,美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:adollar,Iwodollars;ameter,twometers3)以s結(jié)尾,仍為單數(shù)的名詞,如:a.maths,politics,physics等學(xué)科名詞,為不可數(shù)名詞,是單數(shù)。b.news是不可數(shù)名詞。c.theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。TheUnitedNationswasorganizedin1945.聯(lián)合國是1945年組建起來的。d.以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名,劇名,報(bào)紙,雜志名,也可視為單數(shù)?!癟heArabianNights"isaveryinterestingstory-book.vv一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事書。4)表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西,如:glasses(眼鏡)trousers,clothes若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目,要借助數(shù)量詞pair(對,雙);suit(套);apairofglasses;twopairsoftrousers5)另外還有一些名詞,即可做不可數(shù)名詞也可做可數(shù)名詞,但意思不相同。單詞可數(shù)名詞意思不可數(shù)名詞意思單詞可數(shù)名詞意思不可數(shù)名詞意思work作品,著作工作German德國人德語wood森林木頭life生命生活,人生Chicken小雞雞肉Exercise練習(xí),體操運(yùn)動,鍛煉Paper報(bào)紙,試卷紙Orange桶r橙汁Room房間空間Glass玻璃杯玻璃Time次數(shù),倍數(shù)時間Japanese日本人日語Light燈光線fish魚(種類)魚肉6.)常以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)并使用的名詞:clothes,people,trousers,glasses,scissors,thanks,congratulations,wishes,police,stairs(樓梯),works(著作),woods(森林),times(時代)
13.不可數(shù)名詞量的表示可以借助單位詞表一定的數(shù)量。如:aglassofwater一杯水a(chǎn)pieceofcake4.修飾可數(shù)名詞的詞有:many,few,afew,anumberof,數(shù)詞修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞有:much,little,alittle,agreatdealof即可修飾可數(shù)名詞也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞有:some(any),no,alotof二、定語名詞的復(fù)數(shù)(即名詞修飾名詞)名詞作定語一般用單數(shù),但也有以下例外。1)用復(fù)數(shù)作定語。如:sportsmeeting運(yùn)動會studentsreading-room學(xué)生閱覽室2)man,woman,等作定語時,其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。如:menworkerswomenteachers3)數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時,這個名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。如:two-dozeneggs兩打/(二十四個雞蛋)aten-milewalk十里路two-hundredtrees兩百棵樹afive-yearplan.一個五年計(jì)劃somebananatreestwobookstores三、名詞的格1.有生命的人、物及其他名詞的所有格在詞尾加“飛”,如theboy飛bag男孩的書包2.若名詞詞尾已有-s,只加',如:Teachers1Daythetwins'parents,thestudents'books3.時間、距離、地域等名詞的所有格形式為today'snewspaper,tenminutes,walkthecity飛problem4.在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時,名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞,如:thebarber's理發(fā)店atmyaunt's(house)gotothedoctor's.5.凡不能加飛”的名詞,都可以用"名詞+of+名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示所有關(guān)系,thetitleofthesong歌的名字thewindowofthehouse。6.如果兩個名詞并列,并且分別有3則表示“分別有”;只有一個's,則表示‘共有如:John'sandMary'srooms(兩間)JohnandMary'sroom(—J向)7.雙重所有格形式:anovelofMarkTwin^afriendofmyfather's/mine代詞1.人稱代詞1.)人稱代詞的主格在句子中作主語,例如:Johnwaitedawhilebuteventuallyhewenthome.約翰等了一會兒,最后他回家了。說明:在復(fù)合句中,如果主句和從句主語相同,代詞主語要用在從句中,名詞主語用在主句中,例如:Whenhearrived,Johnwentstraighttothebank.2.)人稱代詞的賓格在句子中作動詞的賓語或介詞賓語,第一人稱在省略句中,還可以作主語。例如:Isawherwiththem。her做賓語,them做介詞賓語,a.—Whobrokethevase?■■誰打碎了花瓶?b.—Me.一我。(me=It'sme.)在正式文體中這里應(yīng)為I。賓格代替主格:a.在簡短對話中,當(dāng)人稱代詞單獨(dú)使用或在nol后,多用賓語。--IlikeEnglish.一我喜歡英語。--Metoo.--我也喜歡。--Havemorewine?--再來點(diǎn)酒喝嗎?---Notme.-我可不要了。b.在表示比較的非正式的文體中,常用賓格代替主格。但如果比較狀語的謂語保留,則主語只能用主格。HeistallerthanI/me.HeistallerthanIam.3)動物名詞的指代一般用it或they代替,有時也用he,she,帶有親切的感情色彩。Givethecatsomefood.Sheishungry.給這貓一些吃的。她餓了。4)指代車或國家,船舶的名詞,含感情色彩時常用she。1)單數(shù)人稱代詞并列作主語時,其順序?yàn)?
2you,he/sheandIYou,heandIshouldreturnontime.2)復(fù)數(shù)人稱代詞作主語時,其順序?yàn)椋簑e,youandthey*注意:在承認(rèn)錯誤,承擔(dān)責(zé)任時,第一人稱放在前面ItwasIandJohnthatmadeherangry.是我和約翰惹她生氣了。*it的主要用法:可以表示天氣,時間,距離,形式主語,形式賓語,身份等.2.物主代詞(…人的):包括形容詞性的物主代詞和名詞性的物主代詞形容詞性的物主代詞+名詞;名詞性的物主代詞=形容詞性的物主代詞+名詞3.反身代詞:(1)加強(qiáng)語氣,起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用,“…自己”,“親自”,“本人”(2)用在一些動詞后,表示主語既是動作的發(fā)出者,也是動作的承受者.常見的這類動詞有:teach,dress,help,lookafter,enjoy,hurt,wash4.不定代詞(1)none(of)指人或物回答howmany/much的問題nobody,noone指人nothing指物⑵one指人或物,復(fù)數(shù)為ones,that指物(不可數(shù)名詞),it指代前面提到的物體Ihavegotanicewatch.Wouldyouliketobuyone?(awatch)Ihavegotanicewatch.Doyoulikeit?(thewatch)TheweatherhereisbetterthanthatinBeijing,(theweather)(3)三者或三者以上:all(全部,都)any(任何一個)none(一個也沒有)兩者:bolh(全部,都)either(任意一個)neilher(一個也沒有)*NeitherofusisfromtheUSA.Noneofushave/haseverbeentherebefore.*not與bolh,all連用表示部分否定.⑷some用于肯定句中,也可用于表示請求、建議或希望得到肯定答復(fù)的疑問句中any用于疑問句、否定句中;還有“任何的”意思(5)another泛指另一個theother常與one連用,表示兩者中的另一個one...theother...others泛指別的,其他的iheolhers特指別的,其他的(有范圍限制)(the)others=(the)other+名詞else放在合成不定代詞或疑問詞之后(6)every+名詞,只能做定語,(三者或三者以上)each兩者或兩者以上的“每一”,可以單獨(dú)使用常見的短語:eachofeachother(7)合成不定代詞的用法(略)little作形容詞,小的形容詞后置(8)many,few,afew+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)much,little,a不可數(shù)名詞
3alittle還可以修飾形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級數(shù)詞表示數(shù)目多少或順序多少的詞叫數(shù)詞,數(shù)詞分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞。表示數(shù)目多少的數(shù)詞叫基數(shù)詞;表示順序的數(shù)詞叫序數(shù)詞。一、基數(shù)詞1.基數(shù)詞寫法和讀法:345threehundredandforty-five;2.基數(shù)詞一般是單數(shù)形式,但下列情況,常用復(fù)數(shù):1.)與of短語連用,表示概數(shù),不能與具體數(shù)目連用,如hundredsof;2.)表示“兒十歲";inhisforties3.)表示“年代",用in+the+數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù);inthe1980s/1980's二、序數(shù)詞1.)序數(shù)詞的不規(guī)則變化及縮寫形式:first—1stsecond―2ndthird一3rdfifth一5thninthtwelfthtwentiethtwenty-first--一21st2.)序數(shù)詞前通常使用定冠詞the,但有時使用不定冠詞a,an,表示“又一,再一"Tryitagain,please.請?jiān)僭囈淮?。WhenIsatdownathirdmancamein.三、數(shù)詞的用法1.倍數(shù)表示法1.)主語+謂語+倍數(shù)(或分?jǐn)?shù))+as+adj.+asIhavethreetimesasmanyasyou.我有你三倍才K么多。2.)主語+謂語+倍數(shù)(分?jǐn)?shù))+thesize(amount,length...)of...Theearthis49timesthesizeofthemoon.地球是月球的49倍。3.)主語+謂語+倍數(shù)(分?jǐn)?shù))+形容詞(副詞)比較級+thaa..Thegrainoutputis8percenthigherthisyearthanthatoflastyear.今年比去年糧食產(chǎn)量增加8%e4.)還可以用by+倍數(shù),表示增加多少倍Theproductionofgrainhasbeenincreasedbyfourtimesthisyear.今年糧食產(chǎn)量增加了4倍。2.分?jǐn)?shù)表示法:基數(shù)詞代表分子,序數(shù)詞代表分母。分子大于1時,分子的序數(shù)詞用單數(shù),分母序數(shù)詞用復(fù)數(shù):1/3---one-third;2/3一-twothirds.冠詞冠詞包括定冠詞(the)和不定冠詞(a,an)兩類。冠詞不能單獨(dú)使用,通常用在名詞前面,幫助說明名詞的含義。一、不定冠詞a,an的用法:1.常放在可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式前面,表示“一”的概念,但數(shù)的概念沒有one強(qiáng)烈。Aninterestingstorybook;asmallboy;There'sakiteinthetree.2.放在可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式前,表示一類人或物。3.用在固定短語中。二、定冠詞the與指示代詞this,that同源,有“那(這)個”“這些,那些”的意思,但較弱,放在名詞前,表示某個或某些特定的人或東西。
41.特指雙方都明白的人或物:Takethemedicine.把藥吃了。2.上文提到過的人或事:Heboughtahouse.I'vebeentothehouse.3.指世上獨(dú)一無二的事物:thesun,thesky,themoon,theearth4.與形容詞或分詞連用,表示一類人:therich富人;theliving生者5.用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級,及形容詞,only,very,same等前面:.Wheredoyoulive?Iliveonthesecondfloor.你住在哪?我住在二層。That'stheverythingI'vebeenlookingfor.那正是我要找的東西。Heistheonlypersonwhoknowsthesecret.他是唯一知道秘密的人。6.用在某些由普通名詞構(gòu)成的國家名稱、機(jī)關(guān)團(tuán)體、階級、等專有名詞前:thePeople'sRepublicofChina中華人民共和國theUnitedStates美國7.用在表示樂器的名詞之前Sheplaysthepiano.她會彈鋼琴。8.用在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞之前,表示一家人:theGreens格林一家人(或格林夫婦)9.用在慣用語中:intheday,inthemorning(afternoon,evening),thedayaftertomorrow,thedaybeforeyesterday,thenextmorning,inthesky(water,field?country),inthedark,intherain,inthedistance,inthemiddle(of),intheend,onthewhole,bytheway,gotothetheatre*在sun,moon,breakfast等之前有形容詞時,可用a,anafullmoon三、不用冠詞的情況:1.國名,人名前通常不用冠詞:England,Mary;2.泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,表示一類人或事物時,可不用定冠詞;Theyareteachers.他們是教師。3.抽象名詞表示一般概念時,通常不加冠詞;Failureisthemotherofsuccess.失敗乃成功之母。4.物質(zhì)名詞表示一般概念時,通常不加冠詞,當(dāng)表示特定的意思時,需要加定冠詞;Mancannotlivewithoutwater.人離開水就無法生存。5.在季節(jié)、月份、節(jié)日、假日、日期、星期等表示時間的名詞之前,不加冠詞;WegotoschoolfromMondaytoFriday.我們從星期一到星期五都上課。6.在稱呼或表示官銜,職位的名詞前不加冠詞;TheguardstooktheAmericantoGeneralLee.士兵們把這個美國人送到李將軍那里。7.在三餐、球類運(yùn)動和娛樂運(yùn)動的名稱前,不加冠詞如:havebreakfast,playchess8.重疊運(yùn)用的名詞短語前常省去冠詞;fromhousetohouse,neckandneck,hourafterhour,onebyone9.在一些習(xí)慣用語中*注意以下一些短語的區(qū)別(有定冠詞時,表示相關(guān)處所或地點(diǎn),沒有定冠詞時,表示與相關(guān)處所有關(guān)的活動或功能.)gotohospital去醫(yī)院看病——gotothehospital去醫(yī)院(并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)infrontofin/atthefrontofinhospitalinthehospitalattableatthetableinclassintheclassbyseabytheseagotoschoolgototheschoolanumberofthenumberof*兩個形容詞都有冠詞,表示兩個不同東西。Heraisesablackandawhitecat.他養(yǎng)了一^黑貓和一只白貓。Theblackandthewhitecatsarehers.這只黑貓和白貓都是他的。
5*如后一個形容詞無冠詞,則指一物。Heraisesablackandwhitecat.他養(yǎng)了一只花貓。四、冠詞的位置1、不定冠詞常位于名詞或名詞修飾語前。注意:1.)位于下列形容詞之后:such,what,many,half,Ihaveneverseensuchananimal.Manyamanisfitforthejob.2.).當(dāng)名詞前的形容詞被副詞as,so,too,how,however,enough修飾時,不定冠詞應(yīng)放在形容詞之后:ItisaspleasantadayasIhaveeverspent.Soshortatime.Toolongaway.3.)quite,rather與單數(shù)名詞連用,冠詞放在其后。quiteanicepicture2、定冠詞位置定冠詞通常位于名詞或名詞修飾語前,但放在all,both,double,half,twice,threetimes等詞之后,名詞之前。Allthestudentsintheclasswentout.班里的所有學(xué)生都出去了。形容詞和副詞一、形容詞的用法:形容詞修飾名詞,說明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。也可以放在聯(lián)系動詞后面作表語。1.直接說明事物的性質(zhì)或特征的形容詞是性質(zhì)形容詞,它有級的變化,可以用程度副詞修飾,在句中可作定語、表語和補(bǔ)語。That'saheavybox.(定語)He'sveryhappytocomehere.(表語)Thegoodnewsmademeveryhappy.(賓語補(bǔ)足語)2.有些形容詞是表語形容詞。這類形容詞沒有級的變化,也不可用程度副詞修飾。例如:afraid害怕的alone單獨(dú),獨(dú)自asleep睡著的ill生病的。Heisanillman.(錯)Themanisill.(對)Sheisanafraidgirl.(錯)Thegirlisafraid.(對)這類形容詞還有:welL(身體)好的unwell(身體)不舒適的,alike相象的,alive活著的,awake醒著的等。3.形容詞作定語修飾名詞時,要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾something,anything,nothing,somebody,nobody等不定代詞時,要放在這些詞之后,例如:somethingnice1.)大部分形容詞加-ly可構(gòu)成副詞。但friendly友好的,lovely可愛的,lonely孤單的,lively熱鬧的,有生氣的,活潑的,等仍為形容詞。Shesanglovely.(錯)Hersingingwaslovely.(對)Hespoketomeveryfriendly.(錯)Hespoketomeinaveryfriendlyway.■(對)*politely,truly,terribly2)某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人,與謂語動詞的復(fù)數(shù)連接。如:thedead,theliving,therich,thepoor,theblind,thehungry如:Thepoorarelosinghope.3)有關(guān)國家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個民族的整體,與動詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用。theBritish,theEnglish,theFrench,theChinese.TheEnglishhavewonderfulsenseofhumor.4.)多個形容詞修飾名詞時,其順序?yàn)椋合薅ㄔ~-數(shù)詞-描繪詞-(大小,長短,形狀,新舊,顏色)-出處--材料性質(zhì),類別-名詞asmallroundtableadirtyoldbrownshirtatallgraybuildingafamousGermanmedicalschoolanexpensiveJapanesesportscar典型例題:1)Tonyisgoingcampingwithboys.A.littletwootherB.twolittleotherC.twootherlittleD.littleothertwo答案:Co由”限定詞-數(shù)詞-描繪詞-(大小,長短,形狀,新舊,顏色)-性質(zhì)-名詞”的公式可知數(shù)詞,描繪詞,性質(zhì)依次順序,只有C符合答案。
62)Onedaytheycrossedthebridgebehindthepalace.A.oldChinesestoneB.ChineseoldstoneC.oldstoneChineseD.Chinesestoneold答案A.幾個形容詞修飾一個名詞,他們的排列順序是:年齡,形狀,大小+顏色+來源+質(zhì)地+用途+國家+名詞。3)----HowwasyourrecentvisittoQingdao?---Itwasgreat.Wevisitedsomefriends,andspentthedaysattheseaside.A.fewlastsunnyB.lastfewsunnyC.lastsunnyfewD.fewsunnylast答案:Bo本題考查多個形容詞的排序問題。一般與被修飾形容詞關(guān)系密切的形容詞靠近名詞;如果幾個形容詞的重要性差不多,音節(jié)少的形容詞在前,音節(jié)多的放在后,在不能確定時,可參照下表:限定詞+數(shù)量詞(序數(shù)詞在前,基數(shù)詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長短、高低等形體+those+three+beautiful+large+square新舊+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞old+brown+wood+table副詞主要用來修飾動詞,形容詞,副詞或其他結(jié)構(gòu)。二、副詞的用法:用來修飾動詞、形容詞或其它副詞,在句中做狀語。三、形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級大多數(shù)形容詞(性質(zhì)形容詞)和副詞有比較級和最高級的變化,即原級、比較級和最高級,用來表示事物的等級差別。原級即形容詞和副詞的原形,比較級和最高級有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。1、掌握比較級和最高級的變化形式:1,)單音節(jié)形容詞及部分雙音節(jié)次加一er,est2.)部分雙音節(jié)詞及多音節(jié)詞前面加more,most或less,least構(gòu)成.3.)不規(guī)則變化形式:原級比較級最高級good/wellbetterbestbad/badly/illworseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthestoldolder/elderoldest/eldest2.使用比較級時要注意的問題:1)在比較級前可以使用下列一些單詞或短語加以修飾:much,alittle,even,far,abit,still,alot,等數(shù)詞+量詞也可以修飾比較級$ll:Heistwoyearsyoungerthan1.還可以用表示倍數(shù)的詞或度量名詞作修飾語。Thisroomistwiceasbigasthatone.2)要避免幣:復(fù)使用比較級(錯)Heismoreclevererthanhisbrother.(對)Heismorecleverthanhisbrother.Heiscleverthanhisbrother.3)要避免將主語含在比較對象中。(Ih)ChinaislargerthatanycountryinAsia.(對)ChinaislargerthananyothercountriesinAsia.5.)不含than的形容詞和副詞比較級前可以加不定冠詞a,ana/an+比較級+名詞Howfastheruns.Tveneverseenabetterrunner.比較級前加定冠訓(xùn)the表示特指。Tomisthetallerofthetwobrothers.6)than后面可以用主格,也可以用賓格。但有時也有區(qū)別。I'mtallerthanhe/him.Iliketheboythanher.1liketheboythanshe.3.比較級的常見句型:1.)比較級+and+比較級越來越
71.)the+比較級…,the+比較級….越…,就越…2.)as...as和一樣;
8notas/so...as和不一樣;不如中間用形容詞或副詞的原級1.)like....betterthan...和相比更喜歡5.)寧可也不....Prefertodosthratherthandosth.Prefertodosth.Preferdoingsthtodoingsth.6.)moreBthanA與其說A,不如說BlessAthanBHeismorelazythanslowathiswork.=Heislessslowthanlazyathiswork.7.)nomore...than...與一樣不比多TheofficialscouldseenomorethantheEmperor.noless...than...與一樣Heisnolessdiligentthanyou.8.)morethan不只是,非常Sheismorethankindtousall.4.使用最高級時應(yīng)注意的問題:1.)形容詞最高級前通常必須用定冠詞the,副詞最高級前可不用。形容詞most前面沒有the,不表示最高級的含義,只表示“非?!薄tisamostimportantproblem.=Itisaveryimportantproblem.使用最高級要注意將主語包括在比較范圍內(nèi)。2.)最局級后面的介詞in與of的區(qū)別4)倍數(shù)+as+形容詞+as+比較對象Thisbridgeisthreetimesaslongasthatone.Yourroomistwiceaslargeasmine.=Yourroomistwicethesizeofmine.介詞介詞不能單獨(dú)使用,必須和名詞、代詞或動名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語,在句中做表語,定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語等成分。根據(jù)介詞的用法,通??梢苑譃椋簳r間、地點(diǎn)、趨向和其他四類介詞。一、表示時間的介詞:(1)at示時刻、時間的某一點(diǎn)atsix,atnoon,athalfpastone,atthattime/momenton體的某一天onSunday,onFridayafternoon,onacoldmorning,onthemorningof...onMarch12由,2005in示周、月、季節(jié)、年以及泛指的上、下午,晚上inspring,in2004,inthemorning,*在his,lastythat,next,every等詞前面不用介詞thisafternoon,lastSunday,everymorning區(qū)別:nextweekthenextweek(2)by"在……前”多和完成時態(tài)連用till”直到才"rilwaitheretillyoucomeback.until”不到就不”常和until連用I'llnotleaveuntilyoucomeback.(3)in過以后,大多用于將來時after多用于過去時(4)since+過去的一個時間點(diǎn)(表示時間段,從開始到現(xiàn)在)for+一段時間二、表示場所、方向的介詞:(1)at表示比較具體的地點(diǎn)at37RenmingRoadin表示比較寬敞的地點(diǎn)inRenmingStreeton兩物體有接觸(3)between...and.和之間(4)across(從物體表面)跨越,越過(5)in在里面(表示靜止的位置)(2)above斜上方below斜下方over正上方under正下方among在中間(三者以上)through(從物體中間)穿透,穿越into進(jìn)入,表示運(yùn)動方向,常用在表示動作的動詞之后,
9如go,come,walk,jump,run等into的反義詞是outof(6)to到(H底地)或方向towards指朝著某方向,而不是目的地.Hewalkedtowardsthebeach.三、其它介詞1.with(1)在一起;(2)有;(3)用某種工具in用什么材料或語言,或表示衣著,聲調(diào)特點(diǎn)等by用手段2.Like象一樣as作為;按照,象一樣(連詞)+句子3.for(1)為了(表示目的或原因)(2)(后面加一段時間)表示時間段動詞一、動詞的分類:根據(jù)其在句中的功能,動詞可分為四類,分別是:實(shí)義動詞(行為動詞)、連系動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞。1.實(shí)義動詞有完整的詞義,能單獨(dú)做謂語.根據(jù)用法,可分為及物動詞(VI.后面直接跟名詞或代詞作賓語)和不及物動詞(vi不能直接跟名詞或代詞,加賓語時必須加介詞)。同一動詞有時可用作及物動詞,有時可用作不及物動詞。例如:Shecandanceandsing.她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物動詞。)ShecansingmanyEnglishsongs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物動詞。)但也有一些動詞只能用做及物動詞,如:visit,ask,win,tell,answer,feel,serve,marry,discuss,beat,reach,kill,drop等.而下列一些動詞通常情況下只能用做不及物動詞:1?叩ly(to),return(to),point(to,at),knock(at,on,into),wait(for),listen(to),arrive(at,to),fall(down,off),look(at,after...)2.連系動詞(LinkVerb)它本身有詞義,但不能單獨(dú)用作謂語,后邊必須跟表語,構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)說明主語的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況。常見的連系動詞有:be,feel,become,look,smell,seem,taste,sound,keep,其它一些可以和形容詞連用的動詞也屬于連系動詞:fallill/asleep,growworse,turnred,getlost,keephealthy等3.助動詞:本身沒有詞義,不能單獨(dú)作句子的謂語,只能與主要動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語.主要幫助句子構(gòu)成否定、疑問以及動詞的不同時態(tài)、語態(tài)等語法特征。常見的助動詞有:be,do(does,did),have/has,had,will,would等。4.情態(tài)動詞:本身有一定的詞義,單不能單獨(dú)做謂語,后面必須跟其它動詞的原形,表示說話人的語氣和態(tài)度;常見的情態(tài)動詞有:can(could),may(might),must,need等。(1)can*能,會(表示能力);*請求許可can,tbe不可能could:can的過去式,但有時表示委婉的語氣。(2)may*可能(可能性);*可以(請求許可,相當(dāng)于can);*表示祝愿Mayyoubehappy!Mayyousucceed!might*may的過去式;*表示可能性(但可能性比may小)(3)must必須,應(yīng)該mustn't禁止mustbe肯定,一定(4)need需要(一般用于否定句或疑問句,肯定句中一般用做實(shí)義動詞)needn't(=don'thavelo)沒必要二、動詞有五種形態(tài),分別是:原形(OriginalForm)、第三人稱單數(shù)形式(SingularFrominThirdPersonal)>過去式(PasiForm)、過去分詞(PasiParticiple)、現(xiàn)在分詞(PresentParticiple)。三、動詞的時態(tài):時態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)時態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)一般現(xiàn)在時動詞原形(第三人稱單數(shù))一般過去時動詞的過去式現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時am/is/are+動詞的過去進(jìn)行時was/were+動詞的一般將來時will+動詞原形am/is/aregoingto+動詞原形過去將來時would+動詞原形was/weregoinglo+動詞原形現(xiàn)在完成時have/has+過去分詞過去完成時had+過去分詞*各種時態(tài)的用法省略*go,come,arrive,leave,move,die等動詞的進(jìn)行時態(tài)可以表示對應(yīng)的將來時態(tài)。
10*表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生而現(xiàn)在不再做的事情用usedtodo四、動詞的被動語態(tài)1.用法:動作的承受者作句子的主語。2.基本結(jié)構(gòu):be+過去分詞掌握下列一些常見結(jié)構(gòu):1.)一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài):am/is/are+過去分詞2.)般過去時:was/were+過去分詞3.)現(xiàn)在完成時:have/hasbeen+過去分詞4.)-一般將來時:willbe+過去分詞或者begoingtobe+過去分詞3.含情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu):情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞4.動詞不定式的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu):to+be+過去分詞Therearetwentymoretreestobeplanted.5.下列動詞的主動語態(tài)表示被動語態(tài)。miss(丟失),sellwell(銷路好),need/wantdoingMybikeismissing.Thiskindoffoodsellswell.Yourcoatneedswatering.6.happen,takeplace發(fā)生,last(持續(xù)),cost,hold(容納),have,like,feel,sound(聽起來)等動詞沒有被動形式。Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinourschool.Thewatercanlastthreedays.Silkfeelssoftandsmooth.Thecakelooksnice.Anaccidenthappenedtohim.五、動詞不定式:山to+動詞原形構(gòu)成,沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化,有時to可以省略。在句中除了不能做謂語外,能夠作其他一切成分。還能擁有自己的賓語和狀語,構(gòu)成不定式短語。1、動詞不定式的句法功能:*做主語。常用It+be+形容詞+(of/for§b.)+todosth.結(jié)構(gòu)。of:good,bad,polite,kind,nice,clever,right,careful等for:important,necessary,difficult,possible,dangerous等*做表語。常用在等連系動詞后面,若主語很長而表語很短,可以將兩者顛倒過來。Hisjobistosellthecomputers.Heseemstobeinterestedinthedetectivestories.*做狀語。表目的:Shewasheretovisitherdaughter.表原因:I'msorrytotroubleyou.衣結(jié)果:Theboxistooheavytocarry.表示程度:Thisroomisbigenoughtohold200people.*做定語。放在被修飾的名詞或代詞之后,若它與所修飾的名詞有動賓關(guān)系,這個不定式應(yīng)為及物的。如:Iwasthefirsttocome.Ihavenopenstowritewith.(動賓關(guān)系)*做賓語。常見的動詞有:want,agree,choose,try,decide,hope,wish,learn,fail,wouldliketodosth.*做賓語補(bǔ)足語。1.)必須使用to的動詞有:ask,tell,order,take,invite,want,wish,follow,waitfor,teach,wouldlike,allowsb.todosth.2.)不能使用to的動詞有:have,make,let;see,watch,hear,noticesb.dosth注意:在主動語態(tài)中,to要省略;而在被動語態(tài)中,to必須加上3.)可以使用to,也可以不用的動詞:help*疑問詞(除why外)+動詞不定式(what,when,how,where,which+todosth.)2.下列一些動詞后面只能跟動名詞(動詞的-ing形式)作賓語:enjoy,finish,mind,excuse,practice,keep,miss,spend,can'lhelpbebusy,beworth,keepon,carryon3.下列些動詞后面可以跟動詞不定式也可以跟動名詞。1.)意義相同或相近的有:begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,plan
111.)意思不同的有:forget,remember,stop,see,hear,goon2.注意:hadbetter(not)dosth,wouldrather(not)dosth3.動詞不定式的否定形式直接在不定式前面加to主謂一致一、就近原則:eitherorneithernornotonlybutalsoThere/Herebe+并列主語.二、意義一致原則:1.集體名詞(class,family等)做主語時,可根據(jù)意義判斷。Hisfamilyhasmovedintoanewhouse.Hisfamilywerehavingsupperthen.主語是數(shù)目、時間、金錢、距離時,動詞用單數(shù)。2.主語+aswellas/with/togetherwith/like/but/except+動詞單數(shù)。EveryoneexceptthetwinshasbeentotheGreatWall.Lilywithherfriendsisgoingtothezootomorrow.3.卜列一些不定代詞做主語,動詞用單數(shù)。each,either,neither,something,anything,somebody,anybody等。4.The+形容詞/過去分詞+動詞復(fù)數(shù)Thewoundedwerelookedafterwellinthehospital.Theweak,likethestrong,havemanyfriendsintheworld.5.glasses,trousers,shoes,scissors等單獨(dú)做主語時,動詞用復(fù)數(shù),但當(dāng)它們與apairof連用時,動詞與pair的數(shù)保持一致。Thepairofglassesfitsyouwell.句子(一)根據(jù)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句一、簡單句:只有一個主語(或并列主語)和一個謂語(或并列謂語)。根據(jù)句子的結(jié)構(gòu),又可分為五種:1、S+V.主語+不及物動詞。2、S+V+O.主語+及物動詞+賓語。3、S+V+P.主語+連系動詞+表語。4、S+V+IO+DO.主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語。可以轉(zhuǎn)換成:主語+直接賓語+for或to+間接賓語。常見的這類動詞有:buy,bring,make,choose,getsth.forsb.teach,give,pass,hand(傳遞),show,offer,sell,lend,take,sendsthtosb.5、S+V+O+C.主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語。二、并列句:常由or,but,and,sofor等詞將兩個簡單句連接,表示轉(zhuǎn)折,遞進(jìn)等關(guān)系。三、復(fù)合句:包括賓語從句、狀語從句、定語從句等。1、賓語從句掌握以下內(nèi)容:*引導(dǎo)賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞;*掌握賓語從句的語序;*掌握賓語從句的時態(tài)一致2、狀語從句(1)時間狀語從句的連詞有:when,while,before,after,until(till),since,assoonas等。時間狀語從句中通常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。注意下列幾個詞的區(qū)別:when:*當(dāng)……的時候指一點(diǎn)時間,表示短暫性動作*指一段時間,表示持續(xù)性的動作*什么時候引導(dǎo)賓語從句while:*表示持續(xù)性的動作或狀態(tài)*具有對比的含義,意為“然而”
12as:表示從句的動作與主句的動作同時發(fā)生,一般與延續(xù)性動詞連用.“一邊…一邊…”隨著..Aswewalked,wetalked.Astimewentby,wekneweachotherbetterandbetter.(2)原因狀語從句because(因?yàn)?,since(既然),as(由于),for(因?yàn)?(3)條件狀語從句if(如果)unless(除非)在條件狀語從句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時.(4)結(jié)果狀語從句so+形容詞/副詞+that+句子such+名詞+that...*such+a(an)+形容詞+名詞=so+形容詞+a(an)+名詞(5)目的狀語從句sothat,inorderthat,(inordertodosth.soastodosth)(6)比較狀語從句as...as...than,notas/so...as...(7)讓步狀語從句though,although,eventhough...3、定語從句:修飾名詞或代詞的從句,放在名詞或代詞的后面.通常:名詞(人)+who/whom/that+句子名詞(物)+which/that+句子(1)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時,必須用which指物,不用that.Ihavelostmybag,whichIlikeverymuch.(2)關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語時,從句動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式和先行詞保持一致.Doyouknowthemanwhoisstandingagainstthedoor?(3)下列幾種情況只能用that引導(dǎo)賓語從句:*先行詞是不定代詞all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything等,如:Allthatwehavetodoistopractisemore.ThereisnothingthatIcandoforyou.*先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時,如:ThefirstletterthatIgotfromhimiskeptwell.*先行詞被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some等修飾時,如:Ihaveeatenupallthefoodthatyougaveme.(4)山when,where,why引導(dǎo)的定語從句Idon'tknowthereasonwhyhewaslate.ThisistheplacewhereIhavelivedforfiveyears,rilneverforgetthedaywhenImetMr.Liforthefirsttime.先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)時,如果從句的動詞是及物的,就用that(which),如果動詞不及物,就用where引導(dǎo).Thisisthehousethathehaslivedinforfiveyears.Thisisthehousewherehehaslivedforfiveyears.句子(二)根據(jù)句子的功能,可以把句子分為四類:陳述句(肯定句和否定句);疑問句(一般疑問句,特殊疑問句,選擇疑問句,反意疑問句);祈使句和感嘆句。一、陳述句:1、肯定句2、否定句:(1)加not構(gòu)成的否定句(2)由no,hardly,never,nobody,nothing,little,few等構(gòu)成的否定句兩者的全部否定用neither或nor,部分否定用both+not;三者或三者以上的全部否定用none,nothing,nobody,noone等,部分否定用all,many,every加not構(gòu)成。(3)否定前置,常見的動詞有:think,believe,suppose二、疑問句1.-一般疑問句:用yes或no回答2.特殊疑問句:用疑問詞(what,who,whom,whose,which,where,when,how,why以及它們構(gòu)成的一些短語)提問的句子。
132.選擇疑問句:一般疑問句+or+選擇對象不能用yes或no回答3.反意疑問句:陳述句+簡略的一般疑問句。陳述句部分和疑問句部分的肯定、否定形式相反。注意以下一些內(nèi)容:(1)簡略問句的主語和陳述部分保持一致,只能用人稱代詞(there除外),簡略問句的動詞也和陳述部分保持一致,如果是否定,要用縮寫形式。如:Jinisn'tastudent,ishe?Therearesomebooksinit,aren'tthere?(2)陳述部分是Fm…結(jié)構(gòu),疑問部分一般用aren'tyou,如:Emlate,aren'tI?(3)陳述部分有l(wèi)ittle,few,no,never,nothing,hardly,nobody等詞表示否定時,疑問部分用肯定。(4)祈使句的反意疑問句:祈使句,willyou?Lefs...,shallwe?(5)賓語從句的反意疑問句常和主句保持?致,但如果主句是Ithink/believe/suppose時,疑問部分的主語應(yīng)和從句保持一致。Idon'tthinkheknowsit,doeshe?三、祈使句:表示命令、請求或建議。肯定形式用動詞原形.否定形式用“Don、/Never+動詞原形四、感嘆句:常由what或how開頭What+形容詞+名詞+主語+動詞.Whatanicehouseitis!Whatfineweather!How+形容詞+主語+連系動詞。Howhappytheylook!Howinterestingthestoryis!How+副詞+主語+實(shí)義動詞。Howhappytheyarelaughing!How+主語+動詞HowIwishIcouldhearBeethovenhimselfplayit!英語總結(jié)(一)八種時態(tài)一、一般現(xiàn)在時:概念:經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或行為及現(xiàn)在的某種狀況。時間狀語:always,usually,often,sometimes,everyweek(day,year,month...),onceaweek,onSundays,etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu):①be動詞;②行為動詞否定形式:①am/is/are+not;②此時態(tài)的謂語動詞若為行為動詞,則在其前加dont,如主語為第三人稱單數(shù),則用doesn't,同時還原行為動詞。一般疑問句:①把be動詞放于句首;②用助動詞do提問,如主語為第三人稱單數(shù),則用does,同時,還原行為動詞。二、一般過去時:概念:過去某個時間里發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài);過去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動作、行為。時間狀語:ago,yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,lastweek(year,night,month...),in1989,justnow,attheageof5,oneday,longlongago,onceuponatime,etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu):①be動詞;②行為動詞否定形式:①was/were+not;②在行為動詞前加didn't,同時還原行為動詞。一般疑問句:①was或were放于句首;②用助動詞d。的過去式did提問,同時還原行為動詞。三、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時:概念:表示現(xiàn)階段或說話時正在進(jìn)行的動作及行為。時間狀語:now,atthistime,thesedays,etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu):am/is/are+doing否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing.一般疑問句:把be動詞放于句首。
14四、過去進(jìn)行時:概念:表示過去某段時間或某一時刻正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的行為或動作。時間狀語:atthistimeyesterday,atthattime或以when引導(dǎo)的謂語動詞是?般過去時的時間狀語等。基本結(jié)構(gòu):was/were+doing否定形式:was/were+not+doing.一般疑問句:把was或were放于句首。五、現(xiàn)在完成時:概念:過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,或從過去已經(jīng)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。時間狀語:recently,lately,since...for...,inthepastfewyears,etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu):have/has+done否定形式:have/has+not+done.一般疑問句:have或haso六、過去完成時:概念:以過去某個時間為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在此以前發(fā)生的動作或行為,或在過去某動作之前完成的行為,即“過去的過去”。時間狀語:before,bytheendoflastyear(term,month...),etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu):had+done.否定形式:had+not+done.一般疑問句:had放于句首。七、一般將來時:概念:表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計(jì)劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事。時間狀語:tomorrow,nextday(week,month,year...),soon,inafewminutes,by...,thedayaftertomorrow,etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu):①am/is/are/goingto+do;②will/shall+do.否定形式:①was/were+not;②在行為動詞前加didnt,同時還原行為動詞。一般疑問句:①be放于句首;②will/shall提到句首。八、過去將來時:概念:立足于過去某一時刻,從過去看將來,常用于賓語從句中。時間狀語:ihenextday(morning,year...),thefollowingmonth(week...),etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu):①was/were/goingto+do;②would/should+do.否定形式:?was/were/not+goingto+do;②would/should+not+do.一般疑問句:①was或were放于句首;②would/should提到句首。II.幾種常見時態(tài)的相互轉(zhuǎn)換英語中的幾種時態(tài)在一定情況下可以互相轉(zhuǎn)換,以下是幾種常見的轉(zhuǎn)換形式:一、一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時的轉(zhuǎn)換在現(xiàn)在完成時中,延續(xù)性動詞能與表示i段時間的狀語連用,瞬間動詞卻不能。但是,可用別的表達(dá)方式:①瞬間動詞用于"一段時間+ago”的一般過去時的句型中;②瞬間動詞可改成與之相對應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞及短語,與一段時間連用;③瞬間動詞用于“Ilis+一段時間+since+一般過去時”的句型中,表示"自從……以來有……時間”的意思,主句一般用itis來代替Ithasbeen;④瞬間動詞用于"Sometimehaspassedsince+一般過去時”的句型中。請看:A.HejoinedtheLeaguetwoyearsago.B.HehasbeenintheLeaguefortwoyears.C.ItistwoyearssincehejoinedtheLeague.D.TwoyearshaspassedsincehejoinedtheLeague.
15二、一般現(xiàn)在時與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的轉(zhuǎn)換在-一般現(xiàn)在時中,at加上名詞表示"處于某種狀態(tài)",如atwork(在工作),atschool(上學(xué)、上課)等。此短語可與進(jìn)行時態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換。請看:Peterisatwork,butMikeisatplay.Peterisworking,butMikeisplaying.三、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時與一般將來時的轉(zhuǎn)換在現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時態(tài)中g(shù)o,come,leave,start,arrive等動詞常與表示將來的時間狀語連用表示將要發(fā)生的動作。in:Iamcoming,Mum!意為"我就來,媽媽!”請看:Thetrainisleavingsoon.Thetrainwillleavesoon.四、"begoingto+動詞原形"與“will(shaH)+動詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換”begoingto+動詞原形”、表示打算、計(jì)劃要做的事;將來時”will(shall)+動詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)在書面語中,當(dāng)主語為第一人稱時,常用助動詞shall。在口語中,所有人稱都可以用will。請看:WearegoingtovisittheGreatWallnextSunday.WeshallvisittheGreatWallnextSunday.時態(tài)對比一、過去進(jìn)行時與一般過去時的區(qū)別:A.過去進(jìn)行時表某一行為的“片斷”,一般過去時表示行為的“整體”和存在的狀態(tài)。例如:Iwasreadingthebookatthattime.(未讀完,“讀”的片段);Ireadthebookyesterday.(已讀完,表整個“讀B.一般持續(xù)時間狀語多與進(jìn)行時連用。例如:Hewaswrilingaletterthewholeaflemoon.(短暫動詞與持續(xù)時間連用,表反復(fù)、連續(xù)發(fā)生,不可用一般過去時)。C.while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中,用短暫動詞時只能用進(jìn)行時。例如:Hebrokeachairwhilehewasjumpingupanddown.二、英語中有四類動詞一般不用進(jìn)行時(不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時和過去進(jìn)行時)。A.表心理狀態(tài)、情感的動詞:love、hate、like、care>respect、please>prefer、know等。若用進(jìn)行時則詞意改變。例如:I'mforgettingit.(=beginningtoforget)。B.表存在、狀態(tài)的動詞,如:appear>exist、lie、remain>stand>seem等。C.表感覺的動詞seeahear>feel>smelRsound>tasteD.表一時性的動詞accept、allow、admit>decide、end、refuse、promise等。[示例]考題1Asshethenewspaper,Grannyasleep.A.read/wasfallingB.wasreading/fellC.Wasreading/wasfallingD,read/fell.分析:時間從句的動作長,而“入睡”動作短,故前者用過去進(jìn)行時,而較短動詞用一般過去時,選B??碱}2Tomintothehousewhennoone.A.slipped/waslookingB.Hadslipped/lookedC.slipped/hadlookedD.wasslipping/looked.分析:此題先要理解好when,表“此時”,說明主句中slipped是較短行為,而look是較長行為的片斷,即湯姆溜進(jìn)房子,此時沒人瞧見,故選A為正確。三、一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別。一般過去時只表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作和狀態(tài)?,F(xiàn)在完成時則強(qiáng)調(diào)到目前為止動作的完成和結(jié)
16果,與現(xiàn)在的情況有聯(lián)系,對現(xiàn)在也有影響。需要特別注意的是:A.剛做過的事,用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài),當(dāng)說明或者詢問做事的時間、地點(diǎn)時,要用一般過去時。例如hehaswatchedthefootballmatch.ShewatcheditlastSaturday.她看了那場足球賽,她是上周六看的。B.have/hasbeentoaplace.表示某人曾經(jīng)去過或者到過某地。have/hasgonetoaplace表示某人說話時已經(jīng)離開此地,或在去某地的路途中或者已經(jīng)到了某地。例如:FrankhasgonetoTibet.弗蘭克已經(jīng)去西藏了。FrankhasbeentoTibettwice.弗蘭克已經(jīng)去過西藏2次了。經(jīng)典考題:---IsthatJackspeaking??一Sorry,heisn'tinrightnow.Hethecinemawithhisaunt.A.hasbeentoB.hasgonetoC.havebeentoD.havegoneto(顯然Jack不在現(xiàn)場,答案選B)四、現(xiàn)在完成時與過去完成時的區(qū)別:過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時兩者的用法基本相同,但現(xiàn)在完成時以現(xiàn)在的時間為基點(diǎn),而過去完成時則以過去的時間為基點(diǎn),與現(xiàn)在無關(guān),是過去的過去。Ihavefinishedmyhomework.(表示說話時作業(yè)已經(jīng)做完了)Byfouro'clock,Ihadfinishedmyhomework.初步掌握延續(xù)性動詞和瞬間動i司在語法上的區(qū)別:如ie,arrive,come,go,join,leave,buy,begin,get,start,become,borrow等均為瞬間動詞,在現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中不能與表示一段時間的狀語連用。Hehasjoinedthearmy.他參軍了0Hehasbeeninthearmyforayear.他參軍已經(jīng)一年了。(換成可以延續(xù)的動詞)Hejoinedthearmyayearago.(用過去時)經(jīng)典考題:LinLinhascome.Hehereforhalfanhour.A.hasbeentoB.hasgonetoC.hasgoneD.hasbeen(把come轉(zhuǎn)化成behere,答案選D)五、三種一般將來時的區(qū)別l.will+動詞原形構(gòu)成的將來時表示主觀意愿,未經(jīng)事先精心計(jì)劃或打算.可用于各種人稱.Egl.Thereissomeoneatthedoor.Iwillgoandopenit.Eg2.Whowillgoandhelpthatpooroldman?2.begoingto+動詞原形強(qiáng)調(diào)計(jì)劃,安排要發(fā)生的事或有跡象要發(fā)生的事.Egl.Heisgoingtobuyanewcarnextweek.Eg2.Lookatthedarkclouds,Ithinkitisgoingtorainsoon.3.shall+動詞原形構(gòu)成的將來時主語通常是I或we并且在肯定句中常被will+動詞原形構(gòu)成的將來時代替,但在疑問句中ShallI...../Shallwe.….?常用來征求對方意見.EgI.ShallI/wegoingfishingtomorrow?Eg2.Whenshallwemeet?4.用于條件句時,begoingto表將來;will表意愿Ifyouaregoingtomakeajourney,you'dbettergetreadyforitassoonaspossible.Nowifyouwilltakeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.(二)被動語態(tài)動詞的語態(tài)分主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。在主動語態(tài)中,主語是謂語動作的執(zhí)行者;而在被動語態(tài)中,主語是謂語動作的承受著。例如:Jackremoveshiscomputerfromthedesk.Jack把電腦從書桌上移開。(Jack是動作的執(zhí)行者)HiscomputerisremovedfromthedeskbyJack.電腦被Jack從書桌上移開。(電腦是動作的承受者)
17(1)被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成:助動詞be+動詞的過去分詞時態(tài)形式一般現(xiàn)在時Is/are/amdone一般過去時一般將來時was/weredonewillbedone現(xiàn)在完成時have/hasbeendone(2)由主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的方法:1.將主動語態(tài)的賓語變成主語;2.將主動語態(tài)的謂語動詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的謂語形式(be+過去分詞),時態(tài)要和原來主動語態(tài)時態(tài)保持一致;3.若主動語態(tài)的主語需要保留,可以用介詞by引導(dǎo)放在動詞的后面,將主語改為賓語。(列:Jackfinishesthehomework.OThehomeworkisfinishedbyJack.練習(xí):一、請把下列句子改為被動語態(tài)。1、PeoplespeakEnglishallovertheworld.allovertheworld.2、Thenaughtboybrokethewindow.Thewindow.3、Theywillbuildatallbuildinginthetownnextyear.Atallbuildingnextyear.4、Theworkerswon'tfinishtheworkuntilteno'clock.Theworkuntilteno,clock.5、Dothestudentswatertheflowerseveryday?thestudentseveryday?二、選擇正確選項(xiàng)。1.DoyouknowriceinSouthChina?A.isgrewB.growsC.isgrownD.isgrowing2.Sorry,yourgoodideastotheprincipal.A.didn'tsendB.wasn,tsentC.weren*tsentD.havesent3.AllofthemtotakepartintheSchoolArtFestival.A.inviteB.invitedC.areinviteD.areasked4.Miceneverafterthehouse.A.was,seen,wascleanedB.were,seen,cleanedC.were,seen,wascleanedD.was,seen,cleaned5.Isthelibraryoftencleanedby?A.sheB.herC.heD.his三、完成句子。1、這些書包是用英語寫的。Thesebooksandnewspapers.2、我們將會在中國大酒店吃晚飯。SupperinChinaHotel.3、那把鎖匙是用鋼制成的,它是用來鎖課室門的。Thatkeymetal,ittheclassroomdoor.
184、老師常常讓我們在課堂上講英語。Weinclass.(三)動詞不定式不定式的構(gòu)成:(1)肯定式:“to+動詞原形”(2)否定式:"notto+動詞原形"或"neverto+動詞原形”不定式的基本用法:(1)做主語:Itisinterestingtogoboating.劃船很好玩。(it是形式主語,togoboating才是真正主語。動詞不定式作真實(shí)主語時,常放在后面。(2)作賓語:Ihopetohaveaholidayonanisland.我希望在島上度假。(3)作賓語補(bǔ)足語(復(fù)合賓語的第二部分):IaskedhimtoshowmehisnewMP3.我叫他給我看看他的MP3.(4)作表語:Toseeistobelieve.眼見為實(shí)。(5)作定語:Ihavealotofthingstodo.我有很多事情做。(6)作狀語:Hecametoseemeyesterday.他昨天來看我了。注意:有些動詞后要跟不定式,如:agree,arrange(,forget,refuse,decide,hope,plan有些動詞后面的不定式不帶to?如使役動詞和感官動詞make,let,have,hear,see,notice,feel,watch等0help后面的動詞可以帶to,也可以不帶t。。練習(xí):L學(xué)好英語很重要。ItisimportantEnglishwell.2.他是最后一個離開的。Heisthelast.3.一些學(xué)生沒有通過考試。Somestudentsfailedthetest.4.他決定和我們?nèi)ツ莾骸edecidedtherewithus.(四)動名詞動名詞的基本用法:(1)做主語:Playingfoolballismyfavourite叩ort.踢足球是我最喜愛的運(yùn)動。(2)作賓語:Sheisinterestedindancing.她對跳舞感興趣。(3)作表語:Myfavouritesportisswimming.我最喜愛的運(yùn)動是游泳。(4)作定語:Heisinthereadingroom.他在閱覽室。注意:有些動詞后要跟動名詞,如:enjoy,finish,like,suggest,deny(否認(rèn)),keep等。練習(xí):1.看電視太多對你的健康有害。toomuchisbadforyourhealth.2.我的工作是教英語。MyworkisEnglish.3.這是一根拐杖。Thisisastick.4.我很愿意和你們一起工作。Ienjoywithyou.(五)形容詞形容詞的用法:形容詞用于修飾、說明名詞或不定代詞,表示人或動物的性質(zhì)、特征和狀態(tài)。eg:l.Thisisabigroom.4.1haveagentlecat.3.Hehassomethingimportanttotellyou.4.Themountainis4000metreshigh.5.Theoldmanlookshappy.注意:形容詞一般放在被它所修飾的詞前(如1,2),但當(dāng)它修飾用some,any,every,no等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞(如3)或修飾表示長度、寬度和厚度等量度單位(如4)時須后置。另外,連系動詞后須加形容詞(如5)。Exs:
191.Themeatsmells.You'dbetterthrowitaway.A.bad,B.badly,C.wellD.good2.Lilyisagirl,shealwaysdoeswellinherhomework.A.care,B.carefulC.carefullyD.careless3.1saw)inthepicture.A.somethinginteresting,B.interestingsomething,C.anythinginterestingD.interestinganything4.Samis1.62,heisgettingtallerandtaller.A.metrestall,B.tallmetres,C.metreshighD.highmetres5.Thereisn'tforallofus.A.enoughwaterB.waterenoughC.booksenoughD.enoughbooks6.Theroomisforustostayin.A.bigenoughB.enoughbigC.enoughgoodD.wellenough注意:enough作副詞修飾形容詞或副詞時應(yīng)后置。特殊形式的形容詞:一般來說,名詞加y變形容詞,而以?ly結(jié)尾的是副詞,只有以下一些單詞例外:friendly,lovely,lively,lonely等都是形容詞。eg:l.It'saday(sun,sunly,sunny)2.She'sawoman,(friend,friendy,friendly)注意:其比較級和最高級的變化為:friendlier,friendliesteg:Sheisthegirlofthefour,(love,lovely,loveliest)形容詞不同等級的變化規(guī)則:構(gòu)成法原級比較級最高級備注一般詞尾加-er,-esttalltallertallest以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的單nicenicernicest音節(jié)詞加-r,-st以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的bigbiggerbiggest類似詞有:fat重讀閉音節(jié)單音節(jié)詞,雙thinwethotred寫結(jié)尾輔音字母,再加-er,-est輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞,easyeasiereasiest改y為i,再加-er,interestingmoreinterestingmostinteresting類似詞有:多音節(jié)詞在前面加carefulmore,mostinterestingbeautifulimportantdelicious等不規(guī)則變化:原級比較級最高級goodbetterbestbad,illworseworstoldolderelder(更年長的)oldest,eldest(最年長的)
20many,muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther,furtherfarthest,furthest注意:比較級前面可加much,far,even,stilLalot,alittle,abit等修飾語eg:Heismuchtallerthanhisbrother.Ourcountryismuchmorebeautifulthanbefore.原級:肯定形式:as+原級+as(像….一樣)否定形式:not+so(as)+原級+as(不如….那樣)eg:Mybrotherisastallasme.Pandasarenotasdangerousaslions.比較級:不同程度:比較級+than(比)eg:Thisdressismorebeautifulthanthatone.程度加深:比較級+and+比較級(越來越…)the+比較級,the+比較級(越…就越)eg:Theweatherisgettinghotterandhotter.Themorehegets,themorehewants.最高級:the+最高級+of(+數(shù)量)/in(+地點(diǎn)范圍)(最)eg:TheChangjiangRiveristhelongestriverinChina.Lilyisthebestgirlofthethree.Exs:1.Whichsubjectdoyoulike,math,ChineseorEnglish?A.betterB.bestC.wellD.verymuch2.GuangzhouisoneofinChina.A.biggestcityB.thebigcityC.thebiggestcitiesD.thebigcity3.Youaretoofat.Youshouldeatandtakeexercise.A.less,lessB.less,moreC.least,moreD.more,less4.—Howistheweatheryesterday??一Itisterrible.Itisgetting.A.worst,worstB.better,betterC.good,goodD.worse,worse5.…Thisbookisinteresting.■一Yes.ButIthinktheonewithapictureisofall.A.interestingB.moreinterestingC.themostinterestingD.theinteresting6.heeats,hegets.A.Themore,thefatterB.Themore,thefaterC.less,fatterD.theless,thefatter7.Theoldman'shairissnow.A.aswhiterasB.sowhiteasC.aswhitethanD.aswhiteas8.LessonOneisthanLessonTwo.A.muchdifficultB.muchmoredifficultC.moremuchdifficultD.asdifficult9.Whichis,thecatorthetiger?A.gentleB.gentlestC.gentlerD.mostgentle10.Thisisgoodboy,alltheteacherslikehim.A.aquiteB.quiteaC.atooD.soa(六)副詞【副詞】用來修飾動詞、形容詞,其他副詞等。副詞應(yīng)放在動詞后。形容詞變副詞
21(1)直接加ly(2)元音e結(jié)尾的,去e加ly(3)輔音y結(jié)尾的,改y為i加ly(4)以le結(jié)尾的,改e為y練習(xí):()1.Thenewsmadeusvery.Allofusbegantalking.A.happy,happyB.happy,happilyC.happily,happilyD.happily,happier.()2.Thereisastrangesmellinyourroom.You'dbetterkeepthewindow.A.openB.openedC.closesD.closed()3.Jack'sbrotherdoesn'tworksoasJack.(1)harderB.hardC.hardly()4.Youeversawcomptersyearsago,butnowtherareeverywhere.A.sometimesB.almostC.hardlyD.hard()5.Pleasestayhere.It*srainingoutside.A.hardB.hardlyC.heavy(七)介詞和連詞1.介詞的功能介詞是?種虛詞,用來表示名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其它詞語句中其它詞的關(guān)系,不能單獨(dú)使用。介詞可與名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其它詞構(gòu)成介詞短語。介詞短語可在句中作定語,狀語,表語和賓語補(bǔ)足語。例如:TheboyoverthereisJohn'sbrother.(定語)Thegirlwillbebackintwohours.(狀語)OurEnglishteacherisfromAustralia.(表語)Helpyourselftosomefish.(賓語補(bǔ)足語)2.常用介詞的用法辨析(1)表時間的介詞_at,inon_表示時間點(diǎn)用at。例如:atsixo'clock,atnoon,atmidnighta表示在某個世紀(jì),某年,某月,某個季節(jié)以及早晨,上午,下午,晚上時,in,,intheninettenthcentury,in2002,inmay,inwinter,inthemorning,intheafternoon等。表示具體的某一天和某一天的上午,下午,晚上時,用on。例如:onMonday,onJuly1st,onSundaymorning等。_since,after.由since和after引導(dǎo)的詞組都可表示從過去某一點(diǎn)開始的時段,但since詞組表示的時段一直延續(xù)到說話的時刻,因而往往要與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。而afler詞組所表示的時段純系過去,因而要與一般過去時連用。例如:_Ihaven'theardfromhimsincelastsummer..Afterfivedaystheboycameback._in,afterin看將來時態(tài)連用時,表示“過多長時間以后”的意思,后面跟表示一段時間的詞語。After與將來時態(tài)連用時,后面只能跟表示時間點(diǎn)的詞語。After與過去時態(tài)連用時,后面才能跟表示一段時間的詞語。例如:.Hewillbebackintwomonths..Hewillarriveafterfouro'clock、Hereturnedafteramonth._(2)表示地點(diǎn)的介詞.at,in,onat二般指小地方;in一般指大地方或某個范圍之內(nèi);on往往表示“在某個物體的表面”。例如:.HearrivedinShanghaiyesterday..Theyarrivedatasmallvillagebeforedark._Thereisabigholeinthewall._Theteacherputupapictureonthewall._over,above,on_
22over,on和above都可表示“在上面”,但具體含義不同。Over表示位置高于某物,在某物的正上方,其反義詞是under。above也表示位置高于某物,但不一定在正上方,其反義詞是below。On指兩個物體表面接觸,一個在另一的上面。例如:.Thereisabridgeovertheriver..Weflewabovetheclouds.Theyputsomeflowersontheteacher'sdesk._across,through,across和through均可表示“從這一邊到另一邊",但用法不同。Across的含義與on有關(guān),表示動作在某一物體的表面進(jìn)行。Throgh的含義與in有關(guān),表示動作是在三維空間進(jìn)行。例如:Thedogranacrossthegrass._Theboyswamacrosstheriver..Theywalkedthroughtheforest.,Ipushedthroughthecrowds.,infrontof,inthefrontofinfrontof表示“七某人或某物的前面”,在某個范圍以外;inthefrontof表示“在的前部”,在某個范圍以內(nèi)。例如:_Therearesometalltreesinfrontofthebuilding."Theteacherissittinginthefrontoftheclassroom.,1.介詞的固定搭配介詞往往同其祀詞類形成了固定搭配關(guān)系。記住這種固定搭配關(guān)系,才能正確使用介詞。一(1)介詞與動詞的搭配.listento,laughat,getto,lookforwaitfor,hearfrom,turnon,turnoff,worryabout,thinkof,lookafter,spend...on...,等。_(2)介詞營名詞的搭配.ontime,intime,bybus,onfoot,withpleasure,onone'swayto,introuble,atbreakfast,attheendof,intheend等。.(3)介詞與形容詞一的搭配.belatefor,beafraidof,begoodat,beinterestedin,beangrywith,befullof,besorryfor等。.2.連詞的功能.用來連接詞,短語,從句或句子的詞叫連詞。連詞是?種虛詞,在句中不能單獨(dú)使用。連詞可分為兩類:并列連詞和從屬連詞。.3.并列連詞一并列連詞用來連接具有并列關(guān)系的詞,短語或句子。常見的并列連詞有:_(1)表并列關(guān)系的and,both...and,notonly...butalso,neither...nor等。一(2)表選擇關(guān)系的or,either...or等。一(3)表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的but,while等。.(4)表因果關(guān)系的for,so等。4.從屬連詞從屬連詞用來引導(dǎo)從句。常見的從屬連詞有:.(1)引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的after,before,when,while,as,until,till,since,assoonas等。(2)引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的if,unless等。.(3)引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的because,as,since等。一(4)引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的sothat,inorderthat等。.(5)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的though,although,evenif等。.(6)引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的sothat,so…that,such…that等。.(7)引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句的than,as…as等。.(8)引導(dǎo)名詞從句的that,if,whether等。.5.常用連詞的用法辨析.(1)while,when,as.這三個連詞或可引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句,但用法有所不同。1)當(dāng)某事正在進(jìn)行的時候,又發(fā)生了另一件事。While,when,as都可用來引導(dǎo)表示“背景”的時間狀語從句。例如:.As/When/WhileIwaswalkingdownthestreetInoticedapolicecar.2)當(dāng)兩個長動作同時進(jìn)行的時候,最常用的是while。例如:.Whilemotherwascookinglunch,Iwasdoingmyhomework.
233)當(dāng)兩個動作都表小發(fā)展變化的情況時,最常用的是as。例-如:_Aschildrengetolder,theybecomemoreandmoreinterestedinthingsaroundthem.4)當(dāng)兩個短動作同時發(fā)生時,或表示“一邊…一邊…”時,最常用as。例如:.Justashecaughtthefly,hegavealoudcry..Shelookedbehindfromtimetotimeasshewent,5)當(dāng)從句的動作先于主句的動作時,通常用when。例如:_Whenhefinishedhiswork,hetookashortrest._6)當(dāng)從句是瞬間動作,主句是延續(xù)性動作時,通常用when。例如:.WhenJohnarrivedIwascookinglunch..(1)as,because,since,fbr.這四個詞都可表質(zhì)因,但用法有區(qū)別。.1)如果原因構(gòu)成句子的最主要部分,一般用becauseo因此,because引導(dǎo)的從句往往放在句末。例如:.Istayedathomebecauseitrained..-Whyaren'tyougoing?,?一BecauseIdon'twantto._2)如果原因已被人們所知,或不如句子的其它部分重要,就用as或since。Since比as稍微正式一點(diǎn)。As和since引導(dǎo)的從句一般放在句子的開頭。例如:.Ashewasn'tready,weleftwithouthim._SinceIhavenomoney,Ican'tbuyanyfood._3)for用來補(bǔ)充說明一種理由,因血,for引導(dǎo)的從句幾乎可以放在括號里。For引導(dǎo)的句子不放在句子的開頭。例如:Idecidedtostopandhavelunch----forIwasfeelingquitehungry.(2)if,whetherif和whether都可作“是否”講,在引導(dǎo)賓與從句是一般可互換。例如:Iwonderwhether(if)youstillstudyinthatschool.Idon'tknowwhether(if)helikesthatfilm.在下列情況下,只能用whether,不能用if:1)引導(dǎo)主語從句時。例如:Whetherhewillcometothepartyisunknown.2)引導(dǎo)表語從句時。例如:ThequestioniswhetherIcanpasstheexam.3)在不定式前。例如:Ihavenmadeupmymindwhethertogothereornot.(3)so...that,such...that1)so...that中的so是個副詞,其后只能跟形容詞或副詞,而such...that中的such是個形容詞,后接名詞或名詞短語。例如:I'msotiredthatIcan'twalkanyfarther.Itwassuchawarmdaythathewentswimming.2)如果在名詞之前有many,much,little,few時,用so,不用sucho例如:Hehassolittleeducationthatheisunabletogetajob.IhavehadsomanyfallsthatIamblackandblueallover.(4)either...or...,neither...nor,notonly...butalso...這三個連詞詞組都可連接兩個并列成分。當(dāng)它們連接兩個并列主語時,謂語動詞要隨相鄰的主語變化。例如:Eitheryouorheiswrong.Neitherhenorhischildrenlikefish.Notonlytheteacherbutalsothestudentswanttobuythebook.(5)although,but這兩個連詞不能用在同一個句子中。例如:我們不能說“Althoughheisoversixty,butheworksashardasolhers.''這個句子應(yīng)改為:Althoughheisoversixty,heworksashardasothers.或Heisoversixty,butheworksashardasothers.(7)because,so這兩個連詞同樣不能用在同一個句子中。例如:我們不能說aBecauseJohnwasill,soItookhimtothedoctor.^^這個句子應(yīng)改為BecauseJohnwasill,Itookhimtothedoctor.或
24Johnwasill,soItookhimtothedoctor.(八)反意疑問句①肯,否?②否,肯?③對反意疑問句的回答,若事實(shí)是肯定的,就用yes回答;若事實(shí)是否定的,就用no回答。例如:Mikedoesn*tstudyhard,doeshe?Yes,hedoes./No,hedoesn't.練習(xí):1.你想要回你的電視機(jī),是嗎?YouwanttogetyourTVsetback,?2.比爾學(xué)習(xí)很努力,是嗎?Billstudiesveryhard,?3.你母親是醫(yī)生,是嗎?Yourmotherisadoctor,?4?吉姆英語講得很好,是嗎?JimcanspeakEnglishverywell,?5.教室里沒有學(xué)生,對嗎?Thereisn'tanystudentintheclassroom,?6.李雷沒有去過美國,對嗎?LiLeihasneverbeentoAmerica,?7.湯姆的父母不講德語,對嗎?Tom'sparentsdon'tspeakGerman,?(九)賓語從句--賓語從句的種類一賓語從句是一種名詞性從句,在句中作及物動詞的賓語,或介詞的賓語,或形容詞的賓語。根據(jù)引導(dǎo)賓語從句的不同連詞,賓語從句可分為三類。1.由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。That只有語法作用,句有實(shí)在的意義,在口語和非正式文體中可以省略。例如:_Hesaid(that)hewantedtostayathome..Shedoesn'tknow(that)sheisseriouslyill._Iamsure(that)hewillsucceed.,2.由連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,which和連接副詞when,where,why,how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。這些連接代詞和連接副詞在賓語從句中充當(dāng)某個成分。例如:一Doyouknowwho(whom)theyarewaitingfoe?_Heaskedwhosehandwritingwasthebest..CanyoutellmewheretheNo.3busstopis?_Idon'tknowwhythetrainislate._3.由if或whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。3和whether在句中的意思是“是否例如:.Iwanttoknowif(whether)helivesthere._Heaskedmewhether(if)Icouldhelphim.二.賓語從句的語序.賓語從句的語序應(yīng)為陳述句的語序。例如:.Ihear(that)physicsisn'teasy._Ithink(that)youwilllikethisschoolsoon..CanyoutellmehowIcangettozoo?_Pleasetellmewhenwe'llhavethemeeting.,三.賓語從句的時態(tài).1.如果主句的時態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時,賓語從句該用什麼時態(tài)就用什麼時態(tài)。如:.Idon'tthink(that)youareright._Pleasetelluswhereheis._CanyoutellmehowIcangettotherailwaystation?2.如果主句的時態(tài)是一般過去時,賓語從句只能用相應(yīng)的過去時態(tài)(一般過去時,過去進(jìn)行時,過去將來時,過去完成時)。例如:.Heaskedwhattimeitwas._Hetoldmethathewaspreparingforthesportsmeet..HeaskedifyouhadwrittentoPeter._HesaidthathewouldgobacktotheU.S.soon.3.如果賓語從句所陳述的是客觀真理,其時態(tài)常用二般現(xiàn)在時。例如:.
25OurteachersaidthatJanuaryisthefirstmonthoftheyear._Scientistshaveprovedthattheearthturnsaroundthesun._1.Doyouknowduringthecomingsummerholiday?_A.whatwillTomdoB.whatdidTomdo_C.whatTomwilldoD.whatTomdid_2.1wanttoknowA.whatishisnameB.what'shisname.C.thathisnameisD.whathisnameis.3.DoyouknowIcouldpasstheexam?.A.thatB.whetherC.whatD.which_4.Jimdoesn'tunderstandA.whichisthewaytothemuseum.B.whyhiswifealwaysgoesshopping,C.whatisthewaytothemuseum,D.whydoesshealwaysgoshopping,5.一一Couldyoutellmesheislookingfor?.A.thatB.whoseC.whoD.which_6.Mr.Kingdidn'tknowyesterdayevening..A.whendoeshissoncomehome.B.whenhissoncomeshome,C.whendidhissoncomehome,D.whenhissoncamehome7.Couldyoutellmethebikethismorning?_A.howdoeshemendB.howhemends.C.howhemendedD.howdidhemend8.---I'mwaitingforthemail.Doyouknowitwillarrive????Usuallyitcomesby4:00.A.howB.whereC.whenD.what9.???Excuseme,wouldyoupleasetellme?-Certainly.Gostraightalonghere.It?snexttoahospital.A.howwecangettothepostofficeB.howcanwegettothepostofficeC.howgettothepostofficeD.howcouldwegettothepostoffice10.■--CanIhelpyou?…Yes.TdlikeatickettoMountEmei.Canyoutellmetaketogetthere?A.howsoonwillitB.howsoonitwillC.howlongitwillD.howlongwillit11.Hewantedtoknow.A.whetherhespeaksatthemeetingB.whenthemeetingwouldstartC.whathe'sgoingtodoatthemeetingD.wherewouldthemeetingbeheld12.■--CouldyoutellmetheBambooGarden?――Thedayaftertomorrow,Ithink.A.whenwillyouvisitB.whenyouwillvisitC.whenwouldyouvisitD.whenyouwouldvisit13.Wouldyoupleasetellmenext,MrWang?A.whatshouldwedoB.weshoulddowhat
26C.whatweshoulddoD.shouldwedowhat3.Youcan'timaginewhentheyreceivedtheseniceChristmaspresents.A.howtheywereexcitedB.howexcitedtheywereC.howexcitedweretheyD.theywerehowexcited15.1wanttoknowyouwillcomebackat8:00tomorrow.A.thatB.whenC.whereD.whether16.?一Couldyoutellme?■一Sorry,Idon'tknow.Iwasnotatthemeeting.A.whatdoeshesayatthemeetingB.whatdidhesayatthemeetingC.whathesaysatthemeetingD.whathesaidatthemeeting17.—Couldyoutellmelastnight?■一Er,IwaswatchingEuro2004athome.A.whatyouweredoingB.whatwereyoudoingC.whatyouaredoingD.whatareyoudoing18.Theteacheraskedthestudents.A.iftheywereinterestedindinosaursB.whenwasAlbertEinsteinbornC.whattheywilldowiththecomputersD.howmanytreestheyhaveplanted19.Everymorningthepatientsareaskediftheirtemperaturetaken.A.theyhadhadB.havetheyhadC.theyhavehadD.hadtheyhad20.It'suptoyoutodecideyou'llgothere,byairorbyroad.A.howB.whyC.thatD.when(十)狀語從句狀語從句用來修飾主句中的動詞,副詞和形容詞的從句叫狀語從句。1.時間狀語從句(1)時間狀語從句常用when,as,while,before,after,since,till,until,assoonas等連詞來引導(dǎo)。例如:Itwasraininghardwhengottoschoolyesterday."Whilehewasdoinghishomework,thetelephonerang..Ashewalkedalongthelake,hesanghappily..HehadlearnedalittleChinesebeforehecametoChina..Afterhefinishedmiddleschool,hewenttoworkinafactory.(2)在時間狀語從句里,通常不用將來時態(tài),用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)表示將來的動作或狀態(tài)。例如:.rilringyouupassoonasIgettoNewYork._Iwilltellhimeverythingwhenhecomesback._Hewon'tbelieveituntilheseesitwithhisowneyes.(3)在帶有till或until引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句的主從官合句里,如果主句用肯定式,其含義是“一直到……時”,謂語動詞只能用延續(xù)性動詞。如果主句用否定式,其含義是“直到……才……”,“在……以前不……”,謂語動詞可用瞬間動詞。例如:.Theyoungmanreadtillthelightwentout._Let'swaituntiltherainstops._Wewon'tstartuntilBobcomes..Don'tgetoffuntilthebusstops.2.條件狀語從句一(1)條件狀語從句通常由if,unless引導(dǎo)。例如:_Whatshallwedoifitsnowstomorrow?_Don'tleavethebuildingunlessItellyouto.(2)在條件狀語從句里,謂語動詞通常用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)表示將來的動作或狀態(tài)。例如:一THhelpyouwithyourEnglishifamfreetomorrow..Hewon'tbelateunlessheisill._
27(3)“祈使句+and(or)+陳述句”一在意思上相當(dāng)于一個帶有條件狀語從句的復(fù)合句。例如:_Hurryup,oryou'llbelate..=Ifyoudon'thurryup,you'Hbelate._Studyhardandyouwillpasstheexam._=Ifyoustudyhard,youwillpasstheexam.1.原因狀語從句.(1)原因狀語從句通常由because,since,as引導(dǎo)。例如:.Hedidn'tcometoschoolbecausehewasill._Asitisraining,weshallnotgothezoo..Sinceyoucan'tanswerthequestion,I'llasksomeoneelse._(2)because表示直接原因,語氣最強(qiáng)。Because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的問題,只能用becauseoAs和since語氣較弱,一般用來表示明顯的原因。由as和since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從居多放在句首。例如:_Whyaren'tgoingthere?.BecauseIdon'twantto..Ashehasnocar,hecan'tgetthereeasily..Sincewehavenomoney,wecan'tbuyit._(3)because和so不能同用在一個句子里。.2.結(jié)果狀語從句.(1)結(jié)果狀語從句由so…that,such…that,sothat引導(dǎo)。例如:.Heissopoorthathecan'lbuyabikeforhisson._Sheissuchagoodteacherthateverybodylikesher._Mypencilfellunderthedesk,sothatIcouldn'tseeit._(2)so…that語such…that可以互換。例如:.在由so...that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句小,so是副詞,與形容詞連用。其結(jié)構(gòu)是:”...so+形容詞(副詞)+that+從句>例如:.Hewassogladthathecouldn'tsayaword._Thehallissobigthatitcanhold2,000people..Motherlivessofarawaythatwehardlyeverseeher.在由such…that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句中,such是形容詞,它修飾的可以是單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,也可以是不可數(shù)名詞;名詞前面可以帶形容詞,也可不帶。如果是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,前面需加不定冠詞a或an。例如:_Itwassuchahotdaythatnobodywantedtodoanything."Hehadsuchlongarmsthathecouldalmosttouchtheceiling._Hemadesuchrapidprogressthathedidverywellinthemid-term._有時上述兩種結(jié)構(gòu)是可以互換的。例如:_Itwassuchawonderfulfilmthatallofuswantedtoseeitagain..=Thefilmwassowonderfulthatallofuswantedtoseeitagain..Itissuchanimportantmatchthatnobodywantstomissit._=Thematchissoimportantthatnobodywantstomissit._(3)如果名詞前由many,much,little,few等詞修飾時,只能用so,不用such。例如:.Soonthereweresomanydeerthattheyateupallthewildroses._Hehassolittletimethathecan'tgotothecinemawithyou.3.比較狀語從句.比較狀語從句通常由as…as,比較級+than…等連詞引導(dǎo)。例如:.TomrunsfasterthanJohndoes._Thisclassroomisasbigasthatone._4.目的狀語從句.(1)目的狀語從句通常由sothat,inorderthat引導(dǎo)。例如:一Westartedearlysothatwecouldcatchthefirsttrain._Hestudieshardsothathecouldworkbetterinthefuture..Weusedthecomputerinorderthatwemightsavetime._(2)sothat既可引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句,又可引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。區(qū)別這兩種從句的辦法有兩個:1)目的狀語從句里往往帶有情態(tài)動詞can,could,may,might等。2)從意思上看,目的狀語從句往往表示的目的很明確。例如:.Speakclearlysothattheymayunderstandyou.(目的狀語從句)_
28Jackisbadlyillsothathehastorest.(結(jié)果狀語從句)_1.讓步狀語從句.(1)讓步狀語從句通常由although,though等連詞引導(dǎo)。例如:.Thoughheisyoung,heknowsalot._AlthoughIamtired,Imustgoonworking..(2)although(though)不能用在同一個句子中。例如:.我們不能說:Thoughitwasraininghard,buthestillwentout..應(yīng)該說:Thoughitwasraininghard,hestillwentout.或Itwasraininghard,buthestillwentout._8.地點(diǎn)狀語從句地點(diǎn)狀語成句常常由where來引導(dǎo)。例如:.Gowhereyoulike._Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.1.he'sold,hecanstillcarrythisheavybag.A.ThoughB.SinceC.ForD.So2.---Doyouknowifhetoplaybasketballwithus?-Ithinkhewillcomeifhefreetomorrow.A.comes;isB.comes;willbeC.willcome;isD.willcome;willbe3.Inthezooifachildintothewaterandcan'tswim,thedolphinsmaycomeuphim.A.willfall;tohelpB.falls;tohelpC.willfall;helpD.falls;helping1.1don'trememberheworkedinthatcitywhenhewasyoung.A.whatB.whichC.whereD.who5.Wewillstayathomeifmyaunttovisitustomorrow.A.comesB.comeC.willcomeD.iscoming6.Thepoliceaskedthechildrencrossthestreetthetrafficlightsturnedgreen.A.not;beforeB.don't;whenC.notto;untilD.not;after7.1waslateforclassyesterdaytherewassomethingwrongwithmybike.A.whenB.thatC.untilD.because8.TilgoswimmingwithyouifIfreetomorrow.A.willbeB.shallbeC.amD.was9.Intheexam,theyouare,themistakesyouwillmake.A.careful;littleB.morecareful;fewestC.morecareful;fewerD.morecareful;less10.Youshouldfinishyourlessonsyougoouttopaly.A.beforeB.afterC.whenD.while11.1hurriedIwouldn'tbelateforclass.A.sinceB.sothatC.asifD.unless12.Whenyoureadthebook,you'dbettermakeamarkyouhaveanyquestions.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.though13.Theteacherraisedhisvoiceallthestudentscouldhearhim.A.forB.sothatC.becauseD.inorder14.Hetookoffhiscoathefelthot.A.becauseB.asC.ifD.since15.Itisthatwe'dliketogooutforawalk.A.alovelydayB.toolovelyadayC.solovelyadayD.suchlovelyaday16.Maryhadmuchworktodothatshestayedatherofficeallday.A.suchB.soC.tooD.very17.1feltverytired,Itriedtofinishthework.A.AlthoughB.BecauseC.AsD.Asif18.thedaywenton,theweathergotworse.A.WithB.SinceC.WhileD.As19.wellyoucandrive,youmustdrivecarefully.A.SolongasB.Inorderthat
29C.NomatterhowD.Themoment18.WritetomeassoonasyoutoBeijing.A.willgetB.getC.gettingD.got(1■*一)定語從句定語從句的功用和結(jié)構(gòu).在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。被定從句修飾的詞叫做先行詞。定語從句必須放在先行詞之后。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。例如:.Thisisthepresentthathegavemeformybirthday."Doyouknoweverybodywhocametotheparty?_IstillrememberthenightwhenIfirstcametothevillage?.ThisistheplacewhereChairmanMaooncelived._二.關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的功用_關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞用來引導(dǎo)定于從句,在先行詞和定語從句之間起紐帶作用,使二者聯(lián)系起來。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞又在定語從句中充當(dāng)一個成分。關(guān)系待客做主語,賓語,定語,關(guān)系副詞可作狀語。一1.作主語:關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句的謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)須和先行詞一致。例如:一Idon'tlikepeoplewhotalkmuchbutdolittle._ThecarswhichareproducedinHubeiProvincesellverywell._2.作賓語:.SheisthepersonthatImetattheschoolgateyesterday._Thebookthatmygrandmothergavemeiscalled“TheGreatEscape';3.作定語.關(guān)系代詞whose在定語從句中作定語用。例如:_What'sthenameoftheyoungmanwhosesisterisadoctor?-Thegirlwhosefatherisateacherstudiesveryhard._4.作狀語.I'llneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing..ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn._三.各個關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的具體用法.1.who指人,在定語從句中作主語。例如:.Thepersonwhobrokethewindowmustpayforit._Theboywhoiswearingtheblackjacketisveryclever._2.whom指人,在定語從句中作賓語。例如:_Doyouknowtheyoungman(whom)wemetatthegate?_MrLee(whom)youwanttoseehascome..3.whose指人,在定語從句中作定語。例如:.Thegirlwhosemotherisillisstayingathometoday._Iknowtheboywhosefatherisaprofessor.,4.which指物,在定語從中作主語或賓語。例如:_Adictionaryisabookwhichgivesthemeaningofwords..Hereisthebook(which)theteachermentionedyesterday._5.that多指物,有時也指人,在定語從句中作主語或賓語。例如:.I'vereadthenewspaperthat(which)carriestheimportantnews._Whoisthepersonthatisreadingthenewspaperoverthere?_6.when指時間,在定語從句中作狀語。例如:.
30rilneverforgetthetimewhenweworkedonthefarm..HearrivedinBeijingonthedaywhenIleft._1.where指地點(diǎn),在定語從句中作狀語。例如:.Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear._Thefactorywherehisfatherworksisintheeastofthecity..四.關(guān)系代詞whom,which在定語從句中作介詞賓語時,可以和介詞一起放于先行詞與定語從句之間,有時為了關(guān)系緊湊也可以將whom與which與先行詞緊挨著書寫,而將介詞置于定語從句的后面,如:Thatwastheroominwhichwehadlivedfortenyears.=Thatwastheroom.whichwehadlivedinfortenyears._五.具體使用時還要注意下列問題:.1.只能使用that,不用which的情況:一(1)先行詞是all,few,little,nothing,everything,anything等不定代詞時。例如:Allthathesaidistrue._(2)先行詞被only,no,any,all,等詞修飾時。例如:_Heistheonlyforeignerthathasbeentothatplace..(3)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾的詞。例如:_Hewasthesecond(person)thattoldmethesecret.,(4)先行詞是形容詞最高級或被形容詞最高級修飾的詞。一Thisisthebestbook(that)Ihavereadthisyear..(5)先行詞既包括人又包括物時。例如:.Hetalkedaboutthepeopleandthethingsheremembered.,2.只能用which,不用that的情況:.(1)在非限制性定語從中。例如:.Themeetingwasputoff,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted.,(2)定語從句山介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo),先行詞是物時。伊J如:.Thethingaboutwhichheistalkingisofgreatimportance.1.―WhoisthemanwastalkingtoourEnglishteacher?_---Oh!It'sMrBaker,ourmathsteacher.,A.heB.thatC.whomD.which2.1hatethepeopledon'thelpotherswhentheyareintrouble.A.whoB.whichC.theyD.where3.TheforeignervisitedourschoolisfromCanada.A.whichB.whenC.whoD.whom4.GeorgeMallorywasanEnglishschoolteacherlovedclimbing.A.whoB.whomC.heD.which5.ThisistheplaceIhaveevervisited.A.thereB.whenC.whereD.which6.Nobodyknowsthereasonshedidn'tcometothemeeting.A.thatB.whichC.whyD.when7.Themoonisaworldthereisnolife.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.why8.Hehasforgottenthedayhearrived.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.which9.Hestillremembersthedayshespentwithyourfamily.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.onwhich
313.Mr.White,carhadbeenstolen,cametothepoliceman.A.whoB.thatC.whoseD.which4.Hegottothevillagehisfamilyoncelivedbeforeliberation.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where5.ThisisthehouseIwanttobuy.A.inwhichB.thatC.whoseD.where6.ThisisthehouseourbelovedPremierZhouoncelivedandworked.A.whichB.thatC.whenD.where7.Hedidn,ttellmetheplacehewasbom.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where
323.Helivedinasmallvillage,wasalongwayfromtherailwaystation.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when(十二)直接引語與間接引語直接引述別人的原話,叫直接引語。用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話,叫間接引語。如:MrBlacksaidJTmbusy.”布萊克先生說:“我很忙」(直接引語)MrBlacksaidthathewasbusy.布萊克先生說他很忙。(間接引語)1.直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語主要有以下幾種情況:1)直接引語是陳述句直接引語是陳述句,間接引語應(yīng)改為由連詞that引導(dǎo)(that在口語中常省略)的賓語從句。如:likewatchingTV.^shesaid,她說:“我喜歡看電視fShesaid(that)shelikedwatchingTV.她說她喜歡看電視。HesaidJTmwaitingforher."他說:“我在等她-Hesaid(that)hewaswaitingforher.他說他在等她。如果引述動詞是saytosb.,則通常改為tellsb.sth.結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:Hesaidtome,"Yourbikeisbroken.99她對我說:"你的自行車壞了?!薄狧etoldmethatmybikewasbroken.他對我說我的自行車壞了。2)直接引語是一般疑問句直接引語是一?般疑問句,間接引語應(yīng)改為由whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。(賓語從句必須用陳述句語序)。如:Hesaid,“Canyouswim,John?”他問:“約翰,你會游泳嗎?“—HeaskedJohnifhecouldswim.他問約翰是否會游泳?!癉oyougotoschoolbybus?”heaskedme.他問我:“你坐公交車上學(xué)嗎?fHeaskedmeifIwenttoschoolbybus.他問我是否坐公交車上學(xué)。3)直接引語是特殊疑問句直接引語是特殊疑問句,間接引語應(yīng)改為由疑問代詞或疑問副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。(賓語從句必須用她問我:“他們什么時候吃晚飯?”她問我他們什么時候吃晚飯。他問我:“你什么時候去重慶呢?”他問我什么時候去重慶。陳述句語序)如:Sheaskedme,“Whendotheyhavetheirdinner?”-*Sheaskedmewhentheyhadtheirdinner.“WhenwillyougotoChongqing?^^heaskedme.—HeaskedmewhenIwouldgotoChongqing.4)直接引語是祈使句直接引語是祈使句,變間接引語時須將祈使句的謂語動詞變成不定式,作賓語補(bǔ)足語。原主句謂語動詞say須改為ask,tell,order等含有祈使意義的及物動詞,構(gòu)成“tell(ask,order,beg等)sb.(not)todosth.”句型。如:她對孩子說:“不要吵J她告訴(命令)孩子們不要吵。她對他說:“請拿杯茶給我?!彼埶帽杞o她?!癉on'tmakeanynoise.Mshesaidtothechildren.—Shetold(order)thechildrennottomakeanynoise.“Bringmeacupoftea,please/'shesaidtohim.—Sheaskedhimtobringheracupoftea.注意:直接引語如果是以“l(fā)et、”開頭的祈使句,變間接引語時,通常用“suggest+動名詞(或從句)」如:Hesaid,"Let'sgotothefilm"他說:"我們一起去看電影吧?!?Hesuggestedgoingtothefilm.=Hesuggestedthatweshouldgotoseethefilm.他建議我們?nèi)タ措娪啊?.直接引語變間接引語要注意以下幾種情況:直接引語變間接引語,要變成用相應(yīng)連詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。句中的時態(tài)、人稱、指示代詞、時間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語等耍做相應(yīng)的變化。1)變?nèi)朔Q:直接引語變間接引語時,人稱要做相應(yīng)的變化。請記熟這句順口溜:“一隨主,二隨賓,第三人稱不TTi”
33更,勒"o“一隨主”是指在直接引語變間接引語時,如果從句中的主語是第一人稱或第一人稱所修飾。從句中的人稱要按照主句或賓語的人稱變化。如:Shesaid,"Mybrotherwantstogowithme.99她說:“我的弟弟想跟我一起去?!薄猄hesaidherbrotherwantedtogowithme.她說她弟弟想跟她一起去?!岸S賓”是指直接引語變間接引語時,若從句中的主語及賓語是第二人稱?;虮坏诙朔Q所修飾。從句中的人稱要跟引號外的主句的賓語?致。如果引號外的主句沒有賓語,也可以用第一人稱。如:Hesaidtokate,uHowisyoursisternow?”他對Kate說:“你的妹妹現(xiàn)在怎么樣?”-*HeaskesKatehowhersisterwasthen.他問Kate她的妹妹那時怎么樣?!暗谌朔Q不更新”是指直接引語變間接引語時,如果從句中的主語及賓語是第三人稱或被第三人稱所修飾,從句中的人稱?般不需要變化。如:MrSmithsaid,“Jackisagoodboy.99史密斯先生說:"Jack是個好工人?!?*MrSmithsaidJackwasagoodworks.史密斯先生說Jack是個好工人。2)變時態(tài):直接引語在改為間接引語時,如果主句是過去時態(tài),從句的時態(tài)搬需要做相應(yīng)的變化。見下表:直接引語間接引語現(xiàn)在時一般現(xiàn)在時現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時現(xiàn)在完成時一般過去時過去進(jìn)行時過去完成時過去時一般過去時過去進(jìn)行時過去完成時過去完成時過去完成進(jìn)行時(或不變)過去完成時(不變)將來時一般將來時過去將來時如:Hesaid,"I'mwaitingforher”他說:“我在等她。”-Hiesaidthathewaswaitingforher.他說他在等她?!癐twillrainsoon.whesaid.他說:“很快就會下雨?!薄狧esaidthatitwouldrainsoon.他說很快就會下雨。在以下幾種情況下,直接引語變間接引語時,時態(tài)一般不變化。①主句中謂語動詞的失態(tài)如果是現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r,則間接引語和原直接引語的時態(tài)一樣,不作變化。如:Shesays,“Iwillgotovisitmyfriend."她說:“我要去探望我的朋友?!?Shesaysshewillgotovisitherfriend.她說她要去探望她的朋友。②直接引語所轉(zhuǎn)述的是現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣動作、科學(xué)真理、格言等,時態(tài)不變。如:“Theearthmovesaroundthesun/'theteachertoldus.老師告訴我們,“地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)?!眆Theteachertoldustheearthmovesaroundthesun.老師告訴我們地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。Mymothersaid,“Practicemakesperfecl.“我媽媽說:“熟能生巧?!薄狹ymothersaid(that)practicemakesperfect.我媽媽說熟能生巧。Hesaid,"getupathalfpastsixeverymoming.^^他說:“我每天早上六點(diǎn)半起床?!眆Hesaidhegetsupathalfpastsixeverymorning.他說他每天早上六點(diǎn)半起床。③直接引語表示有具體的過去某年、某月、某日作狀語時,時態(tài)不變。如:Hesaid,joinedthePartyin1985?他說:“我是1985年入的黨J
34-*HesaidthathejoinedthePartyin1985.XiaoLisaid,“IwasbomonApril17,1985MfXiaoLisaidhewasbornonApril17,1985他說他是1985年入的黨。小李說:“我是1985年4月17日出生的?!毙±钫f他是1985年4月17日出生的。John說:“你必須今天來這里John說我必須那天去那里。他說:“我需要一些水?!彼f他需要一些水。④有些情態(tài)動詞,如must,need,oughtto等,無過去時,變間接引語時,時態(tài)不變。如:Johnsaid,“Youmustcomeheretoday/'fJohnsaidImustgotherethatday.Hesaid,“Ineedsomewater.nfHesaidthatheneedsomewater.3)變狀語:直接引語變間接引語,狀語變化有其內(nèi)在規(guī)律,如:now變?yōu)閠hen:yesterday變?yōu)閠hedaybefore;ag。變?yōu)閎efo優(yōu)等,尤其表示方向性的,或用指示代詞修飾的狀語,由“此”改為“彼”(如this改為that)。如:Mikesaid,t4Thesebooksaremine?,Mike說:“這些書是我的。”—Mikesaidthosebookswerehis.Mike說那些書是他的?!癢illyougoshoppingwithmetomorrow?,,mymotheraskedme.我媽媽問我:“明天你和我一起去購物嗎?”—MymotheraskedmeifIwouldgoshoppingwithherthenextday.我媽媽問我第二天是否和她一起去購物。指示代詞、時間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語及方向性動詞的變化具體見下表:直接引語間接引語指示代詞thisthatthesethosenowthentodaythatdaythismorningthatmorning時tonightthatnight間agobefore狀tomorrowthenext/followingday語yesterdaythedaybeforelastnightthenightbeforethedaybeforeyesterdaytwodaysbeforethreedaysagothreedaysbeforenextweektheweekafter地點(diǎn)狀語herethere方向性動詞bringtakecomego注意:表中的這些變化,要根據(jù)具體情況而定,不可機(jī)械照搬。如果就在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述,here就不必改為there,come也不必改為go;如果就在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述,yesterdayortomorrow等時間狀語也不必改變。練習(xí):1.“Inevereatmeat."heexplained.2.Hesaidtome,“Ihaveleftmybookinyourroom.^^3.“Itookthedictionaryhomewithme."hesaid.4.“Haveyoubeenhereforages?,,sheasked.5.Heasked,“Areyousureyourmotherwillcome?”
351.“Willyoubeheretomorrow?^heaskedme.2.Hesaidtome,"Pleasecomeagaintomorrow.”3.Hesaidtome,"Don'tdothatagain.,,4.“Wholivesnextdoor?,,sheasked.5.“Whatareyoudoinghere?,,sheasked.6.“IwillgotoAmericanextyear,"hesaidtome.7.kfcThisismyfirsttimethatIhavecometoChina,Mhesaid.8.“Haveyouinvitedhertodinnertonight?,Tomsaidtome.9.Myfathersaidtomysister,“Canyouhelpmewashthecar?”10.“Howmuchmoneydidyoupayforthedriver?,,Marysaidtohim.11.“Whatareyoulookingfor?,,Isaidtoher.12.“Pleasesitdownandhavearest.Mshesaidtous.13.Shesaidtohim,“Goaway.”19.Heaskedme,"WhenwillyougotoTianjin?”20.Maryaskedme,“DoseHelencomefromtheUSA?”(十三)情態(tài)動詞Lean的用法:(1)表示能力(相當(dāng)于beableto)(2)表示許可(相當(dāng)于may)(3)表示驚異、懷疑、不相信(主要用于否定句和疑問句)(4)表示可能性例子:1.沒有人能做著工作。Noonedothiswork.2,下課了,你們可以回家了。Classisover,Yougohomenow.3.他不可能只有十二歲。Hebeonlytwelve.4.你可以乘飛機(jī)去那里。Yougotherebyair.2.could的用法:(1)表示“能力”或“可能性”(是can的過去式)(2)表示驚異、懷疑、不相信(主要用于否定句和疑問句,這時can和could可以互換,但could表示的語氣更緩和一些,在時間上沒有差別。)(3)用于比can更委婉更客氣地提出問題或陳述看法,但沒有時間上的差別(4)用于虛擬條件句構(gòu)成謂語。例子:1.他說他小時候就很會游泳。Hesaidheswimverywellwhenhewasachild.2.他怎么會這樣粗心?Howhebesocareless?3.我能否借用一下你的小推車?youlendmeyourcart?]4.如果你們能給我們寄一份樣品我們將非常感激。Wewouldmuchappreciateifyousendusasample.
363.may的用法:(1)表示可以(相當(dāng)于tobeallowed/permitted)(2)表示一件事可能會發(fā)生或某種情況可能存在(只用于陳述句)(3)在表示目的或讓步的狀語從句中構(gòu)成謂語。(4)可用于表示祝愿。例子:1.你可以坐這個位子。Youtakethisseat.2.今天他可能很忙。Hebebusytoday.4.大家站起來以便看得更遠(yuǎn)。Allstandupsothatyouseefarther.4.愿那一天早日到來。thatdaycomesoon.5.might的用法:(1)作may的過去式,表示可以做的事或可能發(fā)生的事。(2)代替may,表示可以做的事或可能發(fā)生的事(這是,might不是may的過去式,兩者在時間上沒有差別,但是might表示的語氣更婉轉(zhuǎn)些或者實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性更小一些)(3)在表示目的和讓步的狀語從句構(gòu)成構(gòu)成謂語。(4)在虛擬條件句中構(gòu)成謂語。例子:1.他說我的意見可能是好的。Hesaidthatmyideabeagoodone.6.明天可能更冷。Itbecoldertomorrow.3.她站起來以便看得更遠(yuǎn)。Shestoodupsothatsheseefarther.7.要是你努力學(xué)習(xí),你考試就可能及格。Youhavepassedtheexaminationifyouhadworkedharder.8.must的用法:(1)表示“必須、應(yīng)該”。在回答由must引起的問題時,如果是否定回答,不能用must't,而是用needn't或don'thaveto,因?yàn)閙ust't表示"千萬不可以"、”一定不要”的意思。(2)表示猜測(只用于肯定句)例子:1.我們必須身體好、學(xué)習(xí)好、工作好。Wekeepfit,studyhardandworkwell.2.他一定是新來的英語老師。HebethenewEnglishteacher.接動名詞與不定式意義不同l)stoptodo停止,中斷做某事后去做另一件事。stopdoing停止做某事。2)forgettodo忘記要去做某事。(未做)forgetdoing忘記做過某事。(已做)3)remembertodo記得去做某事(未做)rememberdoing記得做過某事(已做)4)trytodo努力,企圖做某事。trydoing試驗(yàn),試著做某事。5)goontodo做了一件事后,接著做另一件事。goondoing繼續(xù)做原來做的事。6)meantodo打算、想meandoing意味著容易混淆的常用動詞的辨析(1)say,speak,talk,tell的用法。1)say表示講話,作為及物動詞使用,后跟賓語或賓語從句。Hesaidhewouldgothere.It'stimetoleave.Wehavetosaygoodbyetoyou.2)speak表示“講話”,一般作為不及物動詞使用,而有時作為及物動詞后面跟上各種語言作為賓語。DoyouspeakEnglish?MayIspeaktoMrPope,please?3)talk表示“談話”,是不及物動詞,與to,about,with等連用,才可以接賓語。Whatareyoutalkingabout?MrJacksonistalkingwithmyfatherintheofficenow.
373)tell表示“告訴,講述”是及物動詞,可以帶雙賓語或復(fù)合賓語。Shetoldusaninterestingstoryyesterday.MyteachertoldmethatwewouldhaveanEnglishexamthenextmonth.(2)look,see,watch和watch的用法。l)look強(qiáng)調(diào)“看”這個動作,是不及物動詞,常與at連用,然后接賓語。Look!Thegirlisswimminginthelake.Lookatthepicturecarefully.Canyoufindsomethingunusual?2)see指“看見”某物,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是結(jié)果。Theycan'tseethewordsontheblackboard.DoesLilyoftengotoseeafilmonSunday?3)watch指的是“觀看”,“注視”之意。ThetwinsarewatchingTVnow.Hewillgotowatchavolleyballmatch.4)read指“看書”、“看報(bào)”、“閱讀”之意。Don'treadinthesun.IliketoreadnewspaperswhenIamfree.(3)borrow,lend和keep的區(qū)別?!鮞orrow意思為“借入”,常常與from連用,是非延續(xù)性動詞,表示瞬間即能完成的動作。Meimeiborrowedabookfromthelibraryjustnow.MayIborrowyourdictionary?2)lend是“借出”之意,常常與to連用,同borrow一樣,是非延續(xù)性動詞,只表示瞬間即能完成的動作。UncleWanyhaslenthiscartoMrLi.Couldyoulendusyourradio,please?3)keep是“保存”的意思,動作可以延續(xù)。Howlongcantherecorderbekept?Thefarmerkeptthepatfortwoweeks.(4)bring,take,carry和get的用法。1)bring意思為“拿來”、”帶來二指將某物或某人從別處“帶來”。Bringmethebook,please.MayIbringJimtoseeyounextSaturday?2)take意思是“拿走”,“帶走”,把某物或某人從這里“帶來”或“拿到”某處之意。Itlookslikerain.Takearaincoatwithyou.Mothertookthelittlegirltothenextroom.3)carry是“帶著、搬運(yùn)、攜帶”的意思,指隨身攜帶,有背著、扛著、抱著、提著的含義,不表明來去的方向。Doyoualwayscarryahandbag?Theboxisheavy.Canyoucarryit?4)get是去某處將某物拿回來。Pleasegotomyofficetogetsomechalk.Thereisnowaterinthebottle.Whynotgetsome?⑸wear,puton和dress的區(qū)別
381)wear是“穿著”“戴著”的意思,可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首飾等,強(qiáng)調(diào)“穿著”的狀態(tài)。Tomalwayswearsblackshoes.Hewearsaraincoatevenwhenitisfine.Shedoesn'tliketoweararedflowersinherhair.2)puton是“穿上”“戴上”的意思,可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等。著重于穿戴的動作。It'scold.You'dbetterputonyourcoat.Heputonhishatandwentoutoftheroom.3)dress可以作及物動詞和不及物動詞,有“穿著”“打扮”的意思、。作“穿著”解時,只用于穿衣服,不用于穿鞋、戴帽、戴手套。作為及物動詞用時,它的賓語是人,不是衣服。dresssb.(給某人穿衣服),而wear作“穿著”用時,也是及物動詞,但它的賓語是物,不是人,即wearsth.(穿著衣物)。Shealwaysdresseswell.Getupanddressquickly.Maryisdressingherchild.(6)take,spend和use的用法。1)take指做某事用多少時間,句型是:Ittakes/took/willtake+sb.+sometime+todosth.Ittookmethreedaystofinishthework.Itwilltakeyouawhileweektotravelthoughttheforest.IttakesonlyonehourtoflytoShanghai.2)spend指某人在某事(物)上花費(fèi)時間或錢。句型是:Someonespends+money/time+onsomething(in)doingsth.Shespentmorethan500yuanonthatcoat.Hedidn'tspendmuchtimeonhislessons.Hespentmuchtime(in)correctingstudents*exercises.Motherspentherevenings(in)washingclothes.3)use表示使用工具、手段等。Doyouknowhowtousethecomputer?Shallweuseyourcar?(7)reach,get和arrive的區(qū)別。1)reach是及物動詞,后面要直接跟表示地點(diǎn)的名詞作賓語。Afterthetrainhadleft,theyreachedthestationWereachedthetopofthemountainatlast.2)get是不及動詞,常與to連用,再接名詞,后面接表示地點(diǎn)的副詞時,不用t。,getto常用于口語中。Whenthestudentsgottothecinema,thefilmhadbegun.Mysisterwascookingwhenmothergothome.3)arrive是不及物動詞,表示到達(dá)一個小地方時,用arriveat,到達(dá)一個大地方時用arrivein。ThesoldiersarrivedatasmallvillageTheforeignerswillarriveinShanghaitomorrow.
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