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1、重慶科技學(xué)院?？粕厴I(yè)設(shè)計(jì)摘要摘要液壓與氣動傳動是研究以有壓流體（壓縮油或壓縮空氣）為能源介質(zhì)，來實(shí)現(xiàn)各種機(jī)械傳動和自動控制的學(xué)科。近代液壓、氣壓傳動是由19世紀(jì)崛起并蓬勃發(fā)展的石油工業(yè)推動起來的，最早實(shí)踐成功裝置是艦艇上的炮塔轉(zhuǎn)位器，其后才在機(jī)床上應(yīng)用。在20世紀(jì)30年代初期和后期在大型自動化工業(yè)中引入液壓制動。1940年代開始使用拖拉機(jī)一增強(qiáng)農(nóng)機(jī)設(shè)備的機(jī)動性和效率。在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后，液壓技術(shù)很快轉(zhuǎn)入民用工業(yè)。在機(jī)床、工程機(jī)械、冶金機(jī)械、塑料機(jī)械。農(nóng)機(jī)機(jī)械、汽車、船舶等行業(yè)得到了大幅度的應(yīng)用和發(fā)展。隨著液壓機(jī)械自動化程度的不斷提高，液壓、氣動元件應(yīng)用數(shù)量急劇增加，
2、元件小型化、系統(tǒng)集成化是必然的發(fā)展趨勢。特別是近十年來，液壓和啟動技術(shù)與傳感技術(shù)、微電子技術(shù)密切結(jié)合，出現(xiàn)了許多諸多如電液比例控制閥、數(shù)字閥、電業(yè)伺服液壓缸等機(jī)（液）電一體化元器件，使液壓技術(shù)在高壓、高速、大功率、節(jié)能高效、低噪聲、使用壽命長、高度集成化等方面取得了重大進(jìn)展。現(xiàn)今采用液壓傳動的程度已成為衡量一個國家工業(yè)水平的重要標(biāo)志。關(guān)鍵字：液壓與氣動傳動民用工業(yè)液壓系統(tǒng)測試技術(shù)I重慶科技學(xué)院?？粕厴I(yè)設(shè)計(jì)ABTRACTABSTRACTHydraulicandpneumatictransmissionsandadisciplinethatisbasedonfluidm
3、ediumenergyofcompressivefluid(pressureoilorcompressiveair)toaccomplishmechanicaltransmissionandautomaticcontrol.Recentlyhydraulicandpneumaticpressuretransmissiontechnologyhasbeendevelopedwithalargescalepetrolicindustryinthe19th,andthebarbettedisplacewasthefirstonesuccessfulusinghydrauli
4、cequipment,andthenhydraulicmachinetool.Thegreatautomotiveindustryintroducedhydraulicbrakesintheearlythirtiesandhydraulictransmissionsinthelatethirties.Thetractorindustrybeganusinghydraulicin1940toincreasetheflexibilityandutilityoffarmequipment.AftertheWorldWarⅡ,thehydraulicdevelopmenttu
5、rnedintocivilindustry,suchasmachinetool,engineering,metallurgy,plasticmachine,farmmachine,vehicleandwatercraft.Inmorerecentyears,theroleofleadershipinhydraulicpowerapplicationhasbeentakenoverlargerbysomeofthelargeearthmovingandconstructionequipmentmanufactures.Thetotalpowerinvolvedisoft
6、engreaterthanthatrequiredineventhelargestaircraftWiththedevelopmentofhigherautomationofhydraulicmachineandincreasinguseofhydraulicandpneumaticelements,thescaledelementsandintegratedsystemwithminiaturizationisinevitable.Especiallyinrecentyearshydraulicandpneumatictransmissioniscombinedcl
7、oselywiththesensorandmicro-electronicstechnology.Ithasbeenemergingamountsofnewvalvessuchashydraulic-electricityproportionalvalves,digitalvalve,hydraulicandplectra-hydraulicservocylindersandtheintegrativeelements,whichwillleadthehydraulicandpneumatictechnologytothedevelopmentofh
