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1、農(nóng)業(yè)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)報(bào)JournalofAgriculturalResourcesandEnvironment2015年10月·第32卷·第6期:517-524October2015·Vol.32·No.6:517-524氣候變化對(duì)西北半干旱區(qū)旱作農(nóng)業(yè)的影響及解決途徑112*王紅麗,張緒成,魏勝文(1.甘肅省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院旱地農(nóng)業(yè)研究所,甘肅蘭州730070;2.甘肅省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院,甘肅蘭州730070)摘要:通過(guò)分析氣候變化對(duì)西北半干旱區(qū)旱作農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的影響、當(dāng)前生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用的主要抗旱技術(shù)、提高糧食生產(chǎn)能力的機(jī)理等,以探索應(yīng)對(duì)
2、未來(lái)氣候變化下西北旱作農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的技術(shù)途徑,為推動(dòng)未來(lái)旱作農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展、保障糧食安全提供參考。結(jié)果表明,未來(lái)氣候變化對(duì)西北半干旱區(qū)作物生長(zhǎng)的影響主要有3方面:一是氣溫升高導(dǎo)致作物產(chǎn)量降低,品質(zhì)下降;二是降水量和降水格局變化引發(fā)的作物干旱/洪澇問(wèn)題;三是極端氣候引發(fā)的氣象災(zāi)害導(dǎo)致糧食生產(chǎn)波動(dòng)。為適應(yīng)或緩解上述不利影響,提高有限降水利用效率、優(yōu)化土壤結(jié)構(gòu)、提升土壤肥力、增強(qiáng)作物-土壤體系抵御環(huán)境變化的能力,緩解未來(lái)氣候變化對(duì)西北半干旱區(qū)糧食生產(chǎn)的影響,應(yīng)主要從3方面入手:(1)覆蓋聚集降水,提高土壤蓄水保墑能力,改變土壤水分
3、分配,調(diào)控土壤水分運(yùn)移并提高降水入滲效率,從而“調(diào)水”以適應(yīng)降水變化;(2)土壤培肥優(yōu)化土壤結(jié)構(gòu)、改良土壤理化性質(zhì),從而“改土”提高作物-土壤體系對(duì)環(huán)境變化的適應(yīng)能力以應(yīng)對(duì)未來(lái)氣候變化,穩(wěn)定旱作農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)力;(3)通過(guò)“調(diào)水”和“改土”技術(shù)集成,形成“水土協(xié)調(diào)”技術(shù)體系以綜合應(yīng)對(duì)未來(lái)氣候變化,減緩未來(lái)氣候變化對(duì)西北半干旱區(qū)糧食生產(chǎn)的不利影響。關(guān)鍵詞:氣候變化;旱作農(nóng)業(yè);影響;解決途徑中圖分類號(hào):S162.8文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A文章編號(hào):2095-6819(2015)06-0517-08doi:10.13254/j.jare
4、.2015.0093ImpactofClimateChangeonRain-fedFarmingandResponseSolutionsinSemiaridAreaofNorthwestChinaWANGHong-li1,ZHANGXu-cheng1,WEISheng-wen2*(1.DrylandAgricultureInstitute,GansuAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Lanzhou730070,China;2.GansuAcademyofAgriculturalSci-en
5、ces,Lanzhou730070,China)Abstract:Theimpactofclimatechangeontheagricultureproductioninsemi-aridareasofNorthwest,themajordrought-resistanttechnolo-gy,themechanismofincreasinggrainproductionwereanalyzedtoexploretechnicalsolutionstoretortthefutureclimatechange,fut
6、urede-velopmentofrainfedagriculture,andprovidereferenceforfoodsecurity.Theresultsshowedthattheimpactoffutureclimatechangeoncropgrowthhadmainthreeaspects:Firstly,highertemperaturesresultedinlowercropyieldandqualitydecline;Secondly,changesinprecipita-tionandprec
7、ipitationpatternsresultedindrought/floodingproblems;Thirdly,meteorologicaldisasterscausedbyextremeweatherleadtofluctuationsoffoodproduction.Toadaptormitigatetheseadverseeffects,increaseuseefficiencyoflimitedrainfall,optimizesoilstructure,improvesoilfertility,e
8、nhancewithstandingenvironmentalchangeabilityofcrop-soilsystem,mitigatetheimpactoffutureclimatechangeonfoodproductioninsemi-aridregionofNorthwestChina,themainlysolutionswere:(1)Cove