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1、AndragogyAdultLearning44HUMANRESOURCESDEVELOPMENTPROGRAMWorkingPaper06-Clardy-01______________________________________Andragogy:AdultLearningAndEducationAtItsBest?AlanClardyAugust,2006AndragogyAdultLearning44ABSTRACTTheandragogicalmodelofadultlearningandeducationdevelopedbyMalcolmKnowles.thebasisfo
2、rmuchof“adultlearningtheory”,issummarizedandreviewedintermsofitsassumptions,principlesandrecommendedpractices.Byrecastingthemodelasatheorywithattendanthypotheses,itisthencritiquedintermsofitstheoreticaladequacyandempiricalsupport.Theoretically,themodelisfoundwantingbecauseitslightsthefullrangeofadu
3、ltlearningexperiences,makesmisleadingdistinctionsbetweenadultandchildlearners,minimizesindividualdifferencesbetweenadultaslearners,anddoesnotadequatelydealwiththerelationshipbetweenmotivationandlearning.Empirically,researchtestingtheeffectsofandragogyprovidesinconclusiveandcontradictoryoutcomes.New
4、directionsforestablishingabettertheoryoflearningeffectivenessaresuggested.AndragogyAdultLearning44Andragogy:AdultLearningAndEducationAtItsBest?AndragogyAdultLearning44Itisnowwellestablishedthatadultscontinuetheir"education"aftercompletingtheirnormalschoolyears(Cross1981,Houle1961,Peterson1979).Inde
5、ed,whetherdoneinformallyorformally,orwhetheratwork,schoolorinthehome,continuedlearningandeducationareacommonexperienceformostadults.Withincreasedleisuretimeandrapideconomicandtechnologicalchange,theprospectsforincreasedadulteducationarestrong.Butwhileadultscanbereadilyfoundinorganizedand/orintentio
6、naleducationalexperiencesofvariouskinds,itisnotimmediatelyapparenthowtheeducationalexperiencecanbestbeorganizedanddeliveredtotheadultlearner.Twobasicquestionsareatthecenteroftheadulteducationalphenomenon:1.Doadultshaveuniquelearningrequirementsandneedsforwhichtheeducationalprocessshouldbetailoredin
7、ordertoproducethebestresults?2.Ifso,whatarethebestway(s)toprovideeducationalexperiencestoadults?Beginninginthelate1960'sintheUnitedStates,the"andragogical"approachtoadulteducation,championedbyMalcolmKnowles
