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1、Integratingdesignandconstructionthroughvirtualprototyping1.IntroductionAcomparisonofproductivitydatabetweenmanufacturingandconstructionindustriesisinterestingandrevealing.Forexample,Fig.1indicatesthatwithinlast40years,thenon-farmindustries,whichprimarilyreferto
2、themanufacturingindustryasithasadominantshareofover80%,havemadeapproximately10%incrementalannualimprovementswhiletheconstructionindustrycontinuouslydeclined.thisphenomenonisobservableinalmosteverycountry,anditmaybeexplainedbythefollowingthreedifferencesbetweent
3、hetwoindustries:1.theconstructionindustrydoesnothaveaneffectiveplatformtoCaptureandre-useknowledgegeneratedindesignandconstructionstages;2.theconstructionindustrydoesnothaveaflxedproductionline;and3.theconstructionindustrydoesnothavetheabilitytotrybeforebuild.I
4、tisnecessarytonotethattheabovedifferencesareidentifiedthroughauthors'ownexperienceandknowledge.Itisexpectedthatthesecangeneratefurtherresearchinterestsanddiscussionswithintheresearchcommunity.Themanufacturingindustryadoptsadecompositionmodelinwhichanartifactisd
5、ecomposedintobasiccomponentswhichcanbedesignedinisolation.Thesebasiccomponentsarefrequentlydefinedasshapeableblocksandstoredinelementlibrariesingraphicalmodelingsystems.Anewdesignisthereforeahierarchyofcomponentswhicharemodifiedtofitnewrequirements.Theproductio
6、nprocessofthenewdesignisalsoaslightmodificationoftheexistingprocess.Inotherwords,themanufacturingindustryisabletocaptureandre-useitsknowledgeindesignandproduction.Newdesignandproductionprocessesareobtainedthroughincrementallyimprovingexistingversions.Theconstru
7、ctionindustry,however,doesnothavethiscapacity.Adesignprocessinconstructiontypicallystartsfromablanksheetofpaper.Althoughcertaincomponentsandbuildingdetailsmaybere-used,thedesignprocessdifferssignificantlyfromthatofthemanufacturingindustrywhereonlyslightimprovem
8、entsaremadeonexistingdesigns.Thisgoesthroughtheentireconstrucionprocesswherenewcontract,newteamsandprocessesareformed.Whentheprojectiscompleted,littleknowledgeiscapturedandr
