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1、Smartandstupidnetworks:WhytheInternetislikeMicrosoftAndrewOdlyzkoAT&TLabs-Researchamo@research.att.comRevisedversion,October6,1998.AbstractIstheInternetgrowingprimarilybecauseitisadumbnetwork,onethatsimplydeliverspacketsfromonepointtoanother?Probablynot.Ifwereadumbnetwork
2、,wesurelywouldnotneedhugeandrapidlygrowingranksofnetworkprofessionals.AmoredetailedlooksuggeststhattheInternetissucceedinglargelyforthesamereasonsthatledthePCtodominatethemainframe,andarerespon-sibleforthesuccessofMicrosoft.LikethePC,theInternetoffersanirresistiblebargain
3、toacrucialconstituency,namelydevelopers,whilemanagingtoconcealtheburdenitplacesonusers.1.IntroductionTheInternetisgrowingexplosively,andiseventhreateningtotakeovertransportofvoicecalls.PopularpressoftenexplainstheriseoftheInternetasaresultofitsgreateref?ciencyinusingtrans
4、mis-sionfacilities[Keller].Anotherexplanation,popularamongcomputingandcommunicationexperts,isthattheInternetre?ectsthemigrationofintelligencetotheedges,andthusleadstoadumbnetworkthatjusttransportsbits(cf.[Isenberg]).Whilebothoftheseexplanationsareappealingandhaveevidences
5、upportingthem,theyarenotentirelysatisfactory.Considercosts.Whilepacketdatatransmissionislikelytoeventuallybecomemuchlessexpensivethanthecircuitswitchednetwork,todaymostcorporationsspendmoretosendlarge?lesovertheirpacketnetworksthantheywouldiftheyusedmodemsonthepublicvoice
6、phonenetwork[Odlyzko].Asfortheintelligenceofthenetwork,notethatwhiletheprocessingpowerofcomputersconnectedtotheInternetisgrowingrapidly,therehasalwaysbeenmoreintelligenceattheedgesofthenetworkthaninsideit,inthehumanbrainsattheendsofaconnection.Thusthepopularexplanationsar
7、eatbestincomplete.MythesisisthatmanyofthefactorspoweringtheascentoftheInternetaresimilartothosethatledthePCtodisplacethemainframeandwereexploitedbyMicrosofttodominatePCsoftware.Inbothnetworksandcomputing,theenduserstypicallycarejustaboutgettingafewcrucialtasksdone.However
8、,endusersarenotnecessarilythemostimportantplayers.Inrapidlychanging?elds,appli-cationdevelopersa
