內(nèi)在和外在激勵(lì)[文獻(xiàn)翻譯]

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1、本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）外文翻譯外文題目IntrinsicandExtrinsicMotivation外文出處ReviewofEconomicstudies外文作者RolandbenabouandJesntirole原文：IntrinsicandExtrinsicMotivationROLANDBENABOUPrincetonUniversityandInstituteforAdvancedStudyAndJEANTIROLEIDEI(UniversitedeToulouseI),CERASandMITINTR

2、ODUCTIONShouldachildberewardedforpassinganexam,orpaidtoreadabook?Whatimpactdoempowermentandmonitoringhaveonemployees'moraleandproductivity?Doesreceivinghelpboostorhurtself-esteem?Whydoincentivesworkwellinsomecontexts,butappearcounterproductiveinothers?Whyd

3、opeoplesometimesunderminetheself-confidenceofothersonwhoseeffortandinitiativetheydepend?Thesequestionswillbestudiedherefromaunifyingperspective,emphasizingtheinterplaybetweenanindividual’spersonalmotivationandhissocialenvironment.Weshallthusmodeltheinterac

4、tionsbetweenanagentwithimperfectself-knowledgeandaninformedprincipalwhochoosesanincentivestructure,suchasofferingrewardsandthreateningpunishments,delegatingatask,orsimplygivingencouragement,praise,orcriticism.Itisacentralthemeofeconomicsthatincentivespromo

5、teeffortandperformance,andthereisalotofevidencethattheyoftendo(e.g.Gibbons(1997),Lazear(2000)).Inotherwords,contingentrewardsserveas“positivereinforcers”forthedesiredbehaviour.Inpsychology,theireffectismuchmorecontroversial.Along-standingparadigmclashhasop

6、posedproponentsoftheeconomicviewtothe“dissonancetheorists”,whoarguethatrewardsmayactuallyimpairperformance,makingthem“negativereinforcers”,especiallyinthelongrun(see,e.g.Kruglanski(1978)foranaccountofthisdebate,andDeci,KoestnerandRyan(1999)forarecentandcom

7、prehensivemeta-analysisofexperimentalresults).REVIEWOFECONOMICSTUDIESIndeed,asubstantialbodyofexperimentalandfieldevidenceindicatesthatextrinsicmotivation(contingentrewards)cansometimesconflictwithintrinsicmotivation(theindividual’sdesiretoperformthetaskfo

8、ritsownsake).Inanowclassicalexperiment(seeDeci,1975),collegestudentswereeitherpaidornotpaidtoworkforacertaintimeonaninterestingpuzzle.Thoseintheno-rewardconditionplayedwiththepuzzlesignificantlymoreinalaterun