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1、以《越獄》為例分析沉默背后的聲音----英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)論文-->ChapterOne:Introduction1.1SilenceinDiscourseindmustbelanguage.Hos—theverbalandthenonverbal.Itisundeniablethatverballanguageisoftentreatedasanindispensabletoolforpeopletoexpresstheirpersonalfeelingsandthoughts.Thatdoesn’tmeanthatofmunica
2、tion.Hereisatypicalcasethatinspiredmetoaddressthetopic.InDecember2008,CarolineKennedys,"and"ahs".Onecarefullistenerevennoticedthatthereappeared27"ums"and38"youknoinutes’talk.SoherbidforSenatorfailedfortheimproperuseofetimesoreimpressivethansound,theresultmightbediff
3、erent.Theappropriateuseofsilencemaynotonlyimpresslistenersbiguous,arilyinitiatedbyitsseeminglyambiguouscharacter.Forexample,eetthesituationofmunicatingtochoosetokeepsilentfrequentlysothattheeldersorechancetospeak.Itisareasonabletoshoid.Ofcourse,thiskindofmisundersta
4、ndingnotonlyexistsamongforeignersbutalsoamongournativeChinese.Ifaneffectivemunicationispurelybasedonverbalmunication,timetotime?Hoandgraspitsessencetoimproveourmunication?Thisquestionmotivatedmetostudyfurther.…………1.2SilenceasanIntegralPartofSpeechActSince1955etoreal
5、izethatspeechcannotonlybeusedtodeliverinformationbutcanalsobeusedtoperformactions.Austin(1962:186)calledthoseutterancesactionasExplicitPerformatives.Thesameistruetosilence.Silenceisalmostequivalenttospeechactorevenmorecontext-embeddedthanspeech.Silencecanserveasboth
6、adirectspeechactandanindirectspeechact."Ifyoudonotgiveupsmoking,Iore",astatementlikethisperformsadirectspeechactofthr-->eatening.Thesilencefolloentforthesmoker.Judgingfromthegeneralsituation,ifsomeoneightsay:"Ifyoudonotgiveupsmoking,I’llconfiscateyourpocket,orstopgo
7、ingoutentshouldhavebeenconsideredasanactexternaltolanguagelikeconfiscatingorstoppinggoingout,etc.Hoentoflanguage.…………ChapterTaticsonsilence,oneimportanttheoryrelatedtosilenceinpragmaticstudyisAustin’sSpeechacttheory.InAustin’sHoestatementsdonotdescribethings;ontheco
8、ntraryitisusedbythespeakertoperformanaction.Sohecalledthem"constatives"and"performatives".Lateron,Austinsetupaneodeltoexplaintheedbylangua
