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1、Innovationcommunities:theroleofnetworksofpromotorsinOpenInnovation1,2KlausFichter1BorderstepInstituteforInnovationandSustainability,Clayallee323,D-14169Berlin,Germany.klaus.?chter@uni-oldenburg.de2DepartmentofEconomicsandManagement,CarlvonOssietzkyUniversityofOldenburg,D-26111Oldenburg,G
2、ermanyResearchonOpenInnovationhasincreasinglyemphasisedtheroleofcommunitiesincreating,shapinganddisseminatinginnovations.However,thecomparabilityofmanystudieshasbeenhamperedbythelackofaprecisede?nitionofthecommunityconstruct,andtheresearchonOpenInnovationhastodatenotbeenwellconnectedtoin
3、sightsfromresearchontheroleoftransformationalleadersandthenetworkingofchampionsandpromotorsacrossorganisa-tionalboundaries.Forthisreason,thispaperintroducesanewconstructof‘innovationcommunities’basedonpromotortheory,whichitde?nesas‘networksofpromotors’.Itproposesacomprehensiveconceptofth
4、equalityofinteractionininnovationcommunities,andpresents?ndingsofthreecasestudies,whichexploretheroleofpromotorsandnetworksofpromotorsinOpenInnovation.Thecasestudiesrevealthatsuchtransformationalleadersaspromotors,andespeciallytheircloseandinformalco-operationacrossfunctionalandorganisat
5、ionalboundaries,playakeyroleinOpenInnovation.1.Introductionsuccessdemandsabroaderlookatthisconcept.ThegrowingimportanceofnetworkingbeyondStimulatedbySchumpeter’s(1911/1993,1947)organisationalboundariesreferstotheincreasingworksonthecentralroleplayedbythenecessityoflettingideas?owoutofthe
6、corpora-entrepreneurininnovationprocesses,therehastioninorderto?ndbettersitesfortheirmon-beenmorethanhalfacenturyofintensivere-etisation,and?owintothecorporationinthesearchontheroleofkeypersonsininnovation.formofnewofferingsandnewbusinessmodelsSincetheintroductionoftheterm‘champion’by(Ch
7、esbrough,2003).Inthiscontext,theOpenSchon(1963),andthe‘promotor’conceptbyInnovationparadigmtreatsR&DasanopenWitte(1973),therehasbeenlittledoubtthatthesystem(Chesbrough,2006,p.1),andstresseshumanfactorplaysanimportantroleininnova-therelevanceofcoupledprocesses,linkingout-t
