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1、DimensionsofOrganizationalChangeTopDown_______________Bottom-upRadical_______________IncrementalDiscontinuous_____________ContinuousPlanned_______________EmergentOD----Incremental,gradual,planedchangesOrganizationaltransformation---Decisive,rapid,fundamentalchangesChap.18OrganizationalChang
2、e&Development§18.1ForcesofChangeSpecificfactorsactingasstimulantsforchangeDynamic&ChangingenvironmentTechnology:ITautomation,TQMprogram,BPRnatureoftheworkforce:moreculturaldiversity,increaseinprofessions,manynewentrantswithinadequateskillseconomicshocks:securitymarketcrashes,interestrateflu
3、ctuations,foreigncurrencyfluctuationscompetition:globalcompetitions,mergers&considerations,growthofspecialtyretailerssocialtrends:increaseincollegeattendance&divorcerate,delayedmarriagesbyyoungpeoplesworldpolitics2.ManagingPlannedChangeChange:makingthingsdifferent.PlannedChange:changeactivi
4、tiesthatareintentional&goal-oriented.Accidentaloccurrence;proactive&purposefulthegoals:improvetheabilityof-toadapttochangesinitsenvironment;change--behaviororderofmagnitude:1st-order:linear&continuous,nofundamentalshift;2nd-order:multidimensional,multilevel,discontinuous,&radicalChangeagent
5、s:personsactingascatalysts&assumetheresponsibilityformanaging--3.Whatcanchangeagentschange?Structure:alter1ormoreofthekeyelementsin--,majormodificationsintechnology:mostofearlystudiesdealtwitheffortsaimedattechnologicalchange.introductionofnewequipment,tools,methods;automation;computerizati
6、onphysicalsetting:considerworkdemands,formalinteractionrequirement&socialneedswhenm-d.Aboutspaceconfigurations,interiordesign,equipplacementpeople:changingtheattitudes&behaviorsof--.od4.ResistancetochangeIndividual:habit,security,economicfactors,fearoftheunknown,selectiveinformationprocesso
7、rganization:structuralinertia,limitedfocusofchange,groupinertia,threattoexpertise,threattoestablishedpowerrelationships,(R-A)overcoming:education&communication,participation,facilitation&support,negotiation,manipulation&cooperation,coersionthepoliticsofc
