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1、1、1994年Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.Accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,technologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.(71)Science
2、movesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.(72)"Inshort",aleaderofthenewschoolcontends,"thescientificrevolution,aswecallit,waslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumen
3、tsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections."(73)Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyalguesthatsuchmastersasGalileo,Newton,Maxw
4、ell,Einstein,andinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportanceto,andderivedgreatbenefitfrom,craftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments.Thecenterpieceoftheargumentofatechnology-yes,genius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo'
5、sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemy,anastronomerofthesecondcentury,whoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.(74)Galileo'sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescope
6、ontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvearoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.Buttherealheroofthestory,accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,wasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeyeglasses.Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.geniusdisput
7、e.(75)WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa(反之)oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.精美譯文新學(xué)派的科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，技術(shù)是擴(kuò)大科學(xué)知識的范圍中被忽視的力量。（71）他們說，科學(xué)的發(fā)展與其說源于天才偉人的真知灼識，不如說源于改進(jìn)了的技術(shù)和工具等等更為普通的東西。（72）新學(xué)派的一位領(lǐng)袖人物堅持說:“簡言之，我們
8、所稱謂的科學(xué)革命，主要是指一系列器具的改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用，這些改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用使科學(xué)發(fā)展的范圍無所不及?！ 。?3）工具和技術(shù)本身作為根本性創(chuàng)新的源泉多年來在很大程度上被科學(xué)史學(xué)家和科學(xué)思想家們忽視了。為技術(shù)而歡呼的現(xiàn)代學(xué)派爭辯說，像伽利略、牛頓、麥
