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1、.生鮮牛奶檢驗(yàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1.0鮮奶的感官理化指標(biāo)1.1感官指標(biāo)正常生鮮牛奶為乳白色或略帶微黃色的均勻膠體,無粘稠、濃厚、分層現(xiàn)象;不得有肉眼可見的機(jī)械雜質(zhì);具備乳的正常滋氣味,不得有苦、咸、澀、臭等異味。2.0鮮奶的理化指標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可接受不可接受脂肪含量%3.2≥3.1<3.1蛋白質(zhì)含量%3.0≥2.95<2.95密度(20/4)1.0301.028-1.032<1.028或>1.032滴定酸度oT1614-18<14或>18雜質(zhì)度ppm≤4>4汞ppm≤0.01>0.01農(nóng)藥殘留≤0.1>0.1酒精試驗(yàn)通過80%通過
2、75%未通過75%冰點(diǎn)-0.54--0.59<-0.59或>-0.54抗生素ug/ml-青霉素≤0.004>0.004-其它未檢出檢出體細(xì)胞≤50萬/ml>50萬/ml3.0鮮奶的微生物指標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可接受不可接受菌落總數(shù)≤50萬50萬-200萬>200萬芽孢總數(shù)≤100100-1000>1000耐熱芽孢總數(shù)≤1010-100>100嗜冷菌≤100100-1000>10004.0常規(guī)檢驗(yàn)方法4.1相對密度的測定4.1.1儀器:乳稠計(jì):20℃/4℃或15℃/15℃;玻璃圓桶:200~250ml4.1.2測定方法步驟:
3、將10~25℃的牛乳樣品小心的注入容積為250ml的量桶中,加至量桶容積的3/4,不要產(chǎn)生泡沫。用手拿住乳稠計(jì)上部小心的將它沉入到相當(dāng)標(biāo)尺刻度30處,放手讓它在乳中自由浮動,但不能接觸筒壁。待靜止1~2min后。讀取乳稠計(jì)刻度,以牛乳表面層與乳稠計(jì)的接觸點(diǎn)(即新月形表面的頂點(diǎn))為準(zhǔn)。根據(jù)牛乳溫度和乳稠計(jì)讀數(shù),查牛乳溫度換算表,將乳稠計(jì)讀數(shù)換算成20℃或15℃時的讀數(shù)。相對密度D204與乳稠計(jì)讀數(shù)的關(guān)系如式所示:乳稠計(jì)讀數(shù)=(D204-1..000)×10004.1.3牛乳溫度與相對密度換算表...乳稠計(jì)讀數(shù)牛
4、乳溫度℃1011121314151617181920212223換算成20℃時牛乳乳稠計(jì)讀數(shù)2523.323.523.623.723.924.024.224.424.624.825.025.225.425.625.523.723.924.024.224.424.524.724.925.125.325.525.725.926.12624.224.424.524.724.925.025.225.425.625.826.026.226.426.626.524.624.824.925.125.325.425.625.
5、826.026.326.526.726.927.12725.125.325.525.625.725.926.126.326.526.827.027.227.527.727.525.525.725.826.126.126.326.626.827.027.327.527.728.028.22826.026.126.326.526.626.827.027.327.527.828.028.228.528.728.526.426.626.827.027.127.327.527.828.028.328.528.729.0
6、29.22926.927.127.327.527.627.828.028.328.528.829.029.229.529.729.527.427.627.828.028.128.328.528.829.029.329.529.730.030.23027.928.128.328.528.628.829.029.329.529.830.030.230.530.730.528.328.528.728.929.129.329.529.830.030.330.530.731.031.23128.829.029.229.
7、429.629.830.130.330.530.831.031.231.531.731.529.329.529.729.930.130.230.530.731.031.331.531.732.032.23229.830.030.230.430.630.731.031.231.531.832.032.332.532.34.2脂肪的測定4.2.1試劑:異戊醇、濃硫酸4.2.2儀器:蓋勃氏離心機(jī)、乳脂計(jì)、11ml移液管4.2.3操作方法:在乳脂計(jì)中加入濃硫酸10ml,沿壁小心加入新鮮牛乳11ml,不要使其混合,然后
8、加入異戊醇1ml,塞上橡膠塞,用力搖動(瓶口向下向外,避免沖出腐蝕衣服和皮膚)使其成為均勻棕色液體,靜止數(shù)分鐘(瓶口向下),置于65-70℃水浴中5min取出,以1200 r/min的轉(zhuǎn)速離心10min,取出后(瓶口仍向下)再置于65-70℃水浴中5min。應(yīng)注意水浴中的水面必須高于乳脂計(jì)的脂肪層。最后按照刻度讀出脂肪的百分比。4.3蛋白質(zhì)的測定(凱氏定氮法)4.3.1、原理:4.3.2、儀器:凱氏