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1、Chapter12TheoriesandSchoolsofModernLinguisticsIntroductionModernlinguisticsbeganfromtheSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussure,whoisoftendescribedasthe“fatherofmodernlinguistics”.Duringtheyearsbetween1907to1911,SaussurelecturedongenerallinguisticsintheUnivers
2、ityofGeneva.Afterhediedin1913,twoofhisstudentscollectedlecturenotesfromstudentsandputthemtogethertoproducethegreatwork,CourseinGeneralLinguistics,in1916.ThisbookbecamethemostimportantsourceofSaussure’sideasandofhisinfluenceuponsucceedinggenerationsofli
3、nguists.Hisworkmarkedthebeginningofmodernlinguistics.TheconceptofarbitrarinessThecomplexitiesoflanguage:Humanlanguageisanextremelycomplexandheterogeneousphenomenon.Language----asystemofsigns,theunionofaformandanidea,thesignifierandthesignified,therelat
4、ionalnatureoflinguisticunitsThedistinctionofLANGUEandPAROLEThedistinctionofSYNCHRONICandDIACHRONIClinguistics1.ThePragueSchool1.Introduction1)ThefirstmeetingundertheleadershipofV.Mathesiusin1926PractisedaspecialstyleofsynchroniclinguisticsItseeslanguag
5、eintermsoffunction.2)Threepoints:A.Thesynchronicstudyoflanguageisfullyjustified.B.Therewasanemphasisonthesystemiccharacteroflanguage.C.Languagewaslookedonasfunctionalinanothersense,asatoolperforminganumberofessentialfunctionsortasksforthecommunityusing
6、it.2.Phonologyandphonologicaloppositions1)ThePragueSchoolisbestknownandrememberedforitscontributiontophonologyandthedistinctionbetweenphoneticsandphonology.Trubetzkoy:PrinciplesofPhonology1939Phonetics---parolePhonology---langueTheconceptofphoneme:anab
7、stractunitofthesoundsystemasdistinctfromthesoundsactuallyproduced/thesumofthedifferentialfunctions,todistinguishmeaningDistinctivefeatures,threecriteria:(1)theirrelationtothewholecontrastivesystem;(2)relationsbetweentheopposingelements;and(3)theirpower
8、ofdiscrimination2)Trubetzkoy’scontributionstophonologicaltheory:A.Heshoweddistinctivefunctionsofspeechsoundsandgaveanaccuratedefinitionforthephoneme.B.Bymakingdistinctionsbetweenphoneticsandphonology,hedefinedthesphereofphonologicalstud
