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1、FEDERALRESERVEBANKOFPHILADELPHIATenIndependenceMallPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania19106-1574(215)574-6428,www.phil.frb.org
WORKINGPAPERNO.01-4EMPLOYMENTDECONCENTRATION:ANEWPERSPECTIVEONAMERICA’SPOSTWARURBANEVOLUTIONGeraldA.CarlinoAndSatyajitChatterjeeFederalReserveBankofP
2、hiladelphiaFirstDraft:August1999Revised:March2001WORKINGPAPER01-4EMPLOYMENTDECONCENTRATION:ANEWPERSPECTIVEONAMERICA’SPOSTWARURBANEVOLUTIONbyGeraldCarlinoandSatyajitChatterjeeFederalReserveBankofPhiladelphiaFirstDraft:August1999Revised:March2001WethankTedCrone,VernHenderson,DavidPla
3、ne,JordanRappaport,andJacobVigdor,forhelpfulcommentsandsuggestions.TheopinionsexpressedherearesolelythoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyrepresentthoseoftheFederalReserveBankofPhiladelphiaortheFederalReserveSystem.ABSTRACTInthisstudyweshowthatduringthepostwarera,theUnitedStatesexper
4、iencedadeclineintheshareofurbanemploymentaccountedforbytherelativelydensemetropolitanareasandacorrespondingriseintheshareofrelativelylessdenseones.Thistrend,whichwecallemploymentdeconcentration,isdistinctfromtheotherwell-knownregionaltrend,namely,thepostwarmovementofjobsandpeoplefr
5、omthefrostbelttothesunbelt.Wealsoshowthatdeconcentrationhasbeenaccompaniedbyasimilartrendwithinmetropolitanareas,whereinemploymentshareofthedensersectionsofMSAshasdeclinedandthatofthelessdensesectionsrisen.Weprovideageneralequilibriummodelwithdensity-drivencongestioncoststosuggesta
6、nexplanationforemploymentdeconcentration.INTRODUCTIONIn1990,thestateofNebraskaandtheSanFranciscometropolitanareahadroughlythesamenumberofpeople.Ofcourse,whatdistinguishesSanFranciscofromNebraskaandmakesitrecognizableasametropolisisthatitspopulationdensityis1600whilethatofNebraskais
7、20.AsMillsandHamilton(1994)pointout,the“twomostimportantmeasuresofanurbanareaareitstotalpopulationanditstotallandarea.”Density,therefore,isacentralfeatureofurbanareas.Yet,empiricalstudiesoflong-termurbanevolutiontypicallydifferentiatemetropolitanareasbytheirsize(usuallypopulationsi
8、ze)andignoredifferencesint
