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1、Chapter2.SciencePolicy:TheRationaleforPublicSupport1ByElizabethL.MaloneInthelasthalfofthetwentiethcentury,sciencehasenjoyedalongboom--unprecedentedprogress,widespreadandincreasingsupportfromgovernmentandindustry,andgenerallyfavorableattitudesfromthepublica
2、tlarge.Policymakersandthepublichavecreditedbasicresearchwithlongerandhealthierhumanlives;hugeincreasesinagriculturalproduction;andimmenseimprovementsintransportation,energyproduction,andcommunications.Duringthistime,arationaleforpublicsupportofbasicresearc
3、hbecamefirmlyestablishedandelaborated.First,basicresearchis,accordingtotherationale,thefoundationfortechnologicaldevelopment,whichprovidesmilitaryandeconomicadvantagestocountriesthataretechnologicallyadvanced.Second,governmentsupportofscienceisnecessarybec
4、ausetheprivatesector,beingunabletorealizeindividualcompetitiveadvantagesfrombasicresearch,hasinsufficientmotivationtoundertakeit.Consequently,thegovernment’sinvestmentinbasicresearchisa“publicgood,”providingthebasisfornationalcompetitivenessinpoliticsandin
5、markets,expansionofknowledge,andcontinuingimprovementinthequalityoflife.Atthesametime,adifferentfunctionofscientificresearchhasemerged–scienceasabaseofknowledgeuponwhichtobuildpolicy.Policy'sneedforsciencehasgeneratedwholesub-specialtiesofscience,eg.,toxic
6、wastedisposal.Policiesonhealth,education,energy,theenvironment,etc.,nowrequirescientificfindingsand"risk-baseddecision-making."Sometimescharacterizedas“speakingtruthtopower,”thisfunctionofscientificresearchhasbroughtitmoreexplicitlyintothepoliticalarena.Wh
7、enresearchresultscanbeattachedtoaparticularpoliticalphilosophy,theareaofresearchthatproducedtheresults,andtheorganizationsthatsponsorit,canbelabeledaspartisanratherthanobjective.Almostalldisciplineshavesharedinscience’slongboom--butinrecentyearsthefederalg
8、overnmenthasbeenreducingitsshareofinvestmentinsomeareasandoverall,whileincreasingsupportinotherareas.Questionsaboutthe“returnoninvestment”inbasicresearchhavebeenraised,theroleofindustryinbasicresearchhasresur
