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1、CHAPTER2TheInternetandWorldWideWebHistoryoftheInternetEarlyInnovationsThecreationoftheInternetisdependentonmankind’searlierinnovations1836-TelegraphbyCookeandWheatstoneRevolutionizedhuman(tele)communications.MorseCodewasusedtocommunicatebetweenhumans.Thisis
2、similartohowcomputerscommunicatevia(binary0/1)datatoday.1858-1866-Transatlanticcable.AlloweddirectinstantaneouscommunicationacrosstheAtlantic1876-Telephone.AlexanderGrahamBellExhibits.TelephonesexchangesprovidethebackboneofInternetconnectionstoday.Modemspro
3、videDigitaltoAudioconversionstoallowcomputerstoconnectoverthetelephonenetwork.PoliticalEvents1940’sto1980’s-U.S.vs.SovietColdWarPacket-SwitchingisKey1962-1968-Packet-switching(PS)networksdevelopedTheInternetreliesonpacketstotransferdata.Dataissplitintotinyp
4、acketsthatmaytakedifferentroutestoadestination.Morethanonerouteavailable--ifoneroutegoesdownanothermaybefollowed.Networkscanwithstandlargescaledestruction(Nuclearattack-ThiswasthetimeoftheColdWar).TheStoryofARPANET-Team1969-ARPANETwascommissionedbyDoDforres
5、earchintonetworking.TheTeamincluded:BobTaylor,apsychoacoustician,wasdirectorofthecomputerresearchprogramattheDepartmentofDefense'sAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyin1966whenhehitupontheideaofliningcomputerstogether.Hewasawarded$1Milliontodevelopthenetwork.Larr
6、yRoberts,apioneerincomputernetworkingatMIT'sLincolnLaboratory.Hedesignedtheoriginalfour-nodenetwork,whichwastobebasedonpacket-switching,asopposedtocircuit-switching.TheStoryofARPANET–theNodes1969–FournodesandatestFirstnodeatUCLAsoonafterat:StanfordResearchI
7、nstitute(SRI)UCSBUofUtahTheStoryofARPANET–TheIMPs1969–Toconnectthesefourcomputers–eachwithitsown“l(fā)anguage”–WesClarksuggestedtoLarryRobertsthat4smallcomputersthatspokethesamelanguagebeconstructedandconnectedtogether.TheBirthoftheInternetTheplanwasunprecedent
8、ed:Kleinrock,apioneeringcomputerscienceprofessoratUCLA,andhissmallgroupofgraduatestudentshopedtologontotheStanfordcomputerandtrytosenditsomedata.BillNaylorJonPosteldevelopedDomainNameSystem,FTP,Telnet,