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1、FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaBertrandArthurWilliamRussell,3rdEarlRussell,?OM,?FRS[2]?(18May1872?–2February1970)wasaBritishphilosopher,?logician,?mathematician,?historian,and?socialcritic.[3]?Atvariouspointsinhislifeheconsideredhimselfaliberal,a?socialist,anda?pacifist,buthealsoa
2、dmittedthathehadneverbeenanyoftheseinanyprofoundsense.[4]?Hewasbornin?Monmouthshire,intooneofthemostprominentaristocraticfamiliesinBritain.[5]RussellledtheBritish"revoltagainst?idealism"intheearly20thcentury.[6]?Heisconsideredoneofthefoundersofanalyticphilosophy?alongwithhispredeces
3、sor?GottlobFrege?andhisprotégé?LudwigWittgenstein.Heiswidelyheldtobeoneofthe20thcentury'spremierlogicians.[3]?Heco-authored,with?A.N.Whitehead,?PrincipiaMathematica,anattempttogroundmathematicsonlogic.Hisphilosophicalessay"OnDenoting"hasbeenconsidereda"paradigmofphilosophy".[7]?Hisw
4、orkhashadaconsiderableinfluenceon?logic,?mathematics,?settheory,?linguistics,?artificialintelligence,?computerscience?(seetypetheory?and?typesystem),and?philosophy,especially?philosophyoflanguage,?epistemology,and?metaphysics.Russellwasaprominent?anti-war?activist;hechampioned?anti-
5、imperialism[8][9]?andwenttoprisonforhispacifismduringWorldWarI.[10]?Later,hecampaignedagainst?AdolfHitler,thencriticised?Stalinist?totalitarianism,attackedtheinvolvementofthe?UnitedStatesofAmerica?inthe?VietnamWar,andwasanoutspokenproponentof?nucleardisarmament.[11]?In1950Russellwas
6、awardedthe?NobelPrizeinLiterature?"inrecognitionofhisvariedandsignificantwritingsinwhichhechampions?humanitarian?idealsand?freedomofthought."[12]Earlylifeandbackground[edit]YoungBertrandRussellBertrandRussellwasbornon18May1872atRavenscroft,?Trellech,?Monmouthshire,intoaninfluentiala
7、ndliberalfamilyofthe?Britisharistocracy.[13]?Hisparents,?Viscount?and?ViscountessAmberley,wereradicalfortheirtimes.LordAmberleyconsentedtohiswife'saffairwiththeirchildren'stutor,thebiologist?DouglasSpalding.Bothwereearlyadvocatesof?birthcontrol?atatimewhenthiswasconsideredscandalous
8、.[14]?LordAmberleyw
