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1、骨髓增生異常綜合癥的診斷和治療指南肖志堅(jiān)中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院中國(guó)協(xié)和醫(yī)科大學(xué)血液學(xué)研究所血液病醫(yī)院MultisteppathogenesisofMDS◆PreMDSphaseMDSinitiation:enviromental,occupationalortoxicexposureingeneticallysusceptibleindividuals◆EarlyMDSphaseImmunologicresponsetodamagedcells◆LateMDSphaseDiminutionofcellcyclecontrolandgenomicinstability→developme
2、ntofsecondaryAML◆MDS-relatedAML發(fā)生MDS的易感性◆某些遺傳性疾病,如Fanconi貧血、Ⅰ型神經(jīng)纖維瘤病,其家系中MDS/AML發(fā)生率明顯高于一般人群◆家族性血小板病伴發(fā)白血?。‵PD/AML)家系中易發(fā)生MDS/AML,其易感位點(diǎn)已被定位于21q22,累及CBFA2(AML1)基因◆7單體綜合征(家族性MDS伴有7q異常)的7q異常不是本綜合征的原發(fā)原因;其原發(fā)性易感位點(diǎn)是在目前尚無(wú)法檢測(cè)的其他染色體部位◆苯醌氧化還原酶(NQO1)在解毒苯代謝產(chǎn)物中有重要作用,編碼此酶的NQO1基因有多態(tài)性。苯接觸者如其N(xiāo)QO1基因?yàn)?09(C→T)無(wú)功能型等
3、位基因,則發(fā)生MDS/AML的危險(xiǎn)性增高Enviromentaloroccupationalriskfactorforprogenitor-celldamageBenzenedose-related,constantexposure,recentexposure(<10years)dose-relatedcytogeneticabnormalities:5q-,7q-,+8,+21,t(8;21)Pesticidesoddsratoi3.00Organicsolventsexposuremarginallyassociatedwiththerisk(OR:1.99)Smokin
4、griskincreasedwithduringandintensityofsmoking(↑riskfor“cecent”smoker;↑riskforRAandRARS;↑riskforchromosome7abnormalitiesCytogeneticabnormalitiesinMDSaccordingtoenviromentaloroccupationalexposureOddsratoiforallexposurehigheramongcytogeneticallyabnormal(2.0)thannormal(1.0)Typeofexposuresemi-met
5、als(As)Inorganicdusts(asbestos,silica,fomica)metal(Cu,Ni,Sn,steel)OrganicsradiationRelationshipoftypeofexposuretospecificcytogeneticsradiation,metal,organics→chromsome8inorganicfumes→chromosome5and7Therapy-relatedmyelodysplasticsyndrome.acutemyeloidleukemiapeaklatencypreleukemiaphasecytogene
6、ticabnormalitiesAlkylatingagents5-10YsMDS-5/del5(5q)-7/del)7q)complexTopⅡinhibitor6Ms-5Ysnonet(11q23)t(21q22)Variousagents2-3Ysnonet(15;17)<3Yanoneinv(16)單克隆性造血◆MDS的各個(gè)亞型,包括早期亞型,都可檢測(cè)到單克隆造血的證據(jù)◆單克隆造血現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)在用現(xiàn)有方法能夠檢出的細(xì)胞遺傳學(xué)異常改變之前◆由MDS轉(zhuǎn)化的AML經(jīng)化療完全緩解之后,其原有的細(xì)胞遺傳學(xué)異常完全消失,但造血仍為單克隆性◆MDS經(jīng)治療完全緩解后可恢復(fù)為正常的多克隆造血
7、◆關(guān)于MDS異常克隆的起源水平,多數(shù)報(bào)告均證明所有髓系細(xì)胞都來(lái)自同一異??寺。馨图?xì)胞仍為多克隆性;個(gè)別報(bào)告證明B淋巴細(xì)胞也來(lái)自同一異??寺?;但均未證明T淋巴細(xì)胞的單克隆性染色體異?!粼\斷時(shí)40%—60%有染色體異常,隨著病程的進(jìn)展可高達(dá)80%◆染色體異常在早期MDS(RA/RARS)發(fā)生率相對(duì)較低(15%—30%),而且多為單一異?!敉砥贛DS(RAEB/RAEBT)發(fā)生率高(45%—60%),而且復(fù)雜異常(≥3種)增多MDS的常見(jiàn)染色體核型異常+三體易位缺失其他-單體-5t(1;3)(