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1、Lesson8Mostinvestigationsinthefieldofindustrialpsychologyareconcernedwiththequestionofhowtheproductivityoftheindividualworkercanbeincreased,andhowhecanbemadetoworkwithlessfriction;psychologyhaslentitsservicesto"humanengineering,"anattempttotreattheworkerandemployeel
2、ikeamachinewhichrunsbetterwhenitiswelloiled.WhileTaylorwasprimarilyconcernedwithabetterorganizationofthetechnicaluseoftheworker'sphysicalpowers,mostindustrialpsychologistsaremainlyconcernedwiththemanipulationoftheworker'spsycheTheunderlyingideacanbeformulatedlikethi
3、s:ifheworksbetterwhenheishappy,thenletusmakehimhappy,secure,satisfied,oranythingelse,provideditraiseshisoutputanddiminishesfriction.Inthenameof"humanrelations,"theworkeristreatedwithalldeviceswhichsuitvaluesarerecommendedintheinterestofbetterrelationsacompletelyalie
4、natedperson;evenhappinessandhumanwiththepublic.Thus,forinstance,accordingtoTimemagazine,oneofthebest-knownAmericanpsychiatristssaidtoagroupoffifteenhundredSupermarketexecutives:"It'sgoingtobeanincreasedsatisfactiontoourcustomersifwearehappy...Itisgoingtopayoffincold
5、dollarsandcentstomanagement,ifwecouldputsomeofthesegeneralprinciplesofvalues,humanrelationships,reallyintopractice."Onespeaksof"humanrelations"andonemeansthemostinhumanrelations,thosebetweenalienatedautomatons;onespeaksofhappinessandmeanstheperfectroutinizationwhich
6、hasdrivenoutthelastdoubtandallspontaneity在工業(yè)心理學(xué)方面的大多數(shù)調(diào)查都是關(guān)于如何使工人的生產(chǎn)率得以提高,如何能使他少帶一些抵觸情緒去工作。心理學(xué)已用來(lái)服務(wù)于"人類工程",即試圖把工人和雇員當(dāng)作機(jī)器來(lái)對(duì)待,認(rèn)為他們也像機(jī)器一樣,只要加好油,就能運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)得好一些。泰勒主要關(guān)心的是如何在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)上更好地組織使用工人的體力,而大多數(shù)工業(yè)心理學(xué)家關(guān)心的主要是如何左右工人的心靈??梢赃@樣來(lái)表達(dá)其基本思想:如果他高興就能工作得好一些的話,那么就讓我們使他高興、安心、滿意或別的什么的,只要這樣能提高他的產(chǎn)
7、量,減少抵觸情緒就行。在"人際關(guān)系"的名義下,他們用對(duì)一個(gè)完全冷漠的人的一切手段去對(duì)待一個(gè)工人;就是幸福和人們的價(jià)值觀也是從與公眾建立更好的關(guān)系這個(gè)角度提出來(lái)的。例如,據(jù)《時(shí)代》周刊報(bào)導(dǎo),美國(guó)一位最著名的精神病學(xué)家對(duì)一批1500名超級(jí)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)理人員說(shuō):"如果我們是高高興興的,我們的顧客就會(huì)感到更滿意……如果我們真的能把某些有關(guān)價(jià)值觀和人際關(guān)系的總的原則付諸實(shí)踐,那么對(duì)資方來(lái)說(shuō),換來(lái)的將是實(shí)實(shí)在在的金錢。"他們講的是"人際關(guān)系",指的卻是最最非人的關(guān)系,冷漠的機(jī)器人之間的關(guān)系。他們講的是幸福,指的卻是完全機(jī)械的重復(fù)活動(dòng),這種活動(dòng)使
8、人完全失去了獨(dú)立的思考和任何的主動(dòng)性。Lesson9InabasementunderoneofthebeautifulpublicbuildingsofOmelas,orperhapsinthecellarofoneofitsspaciousprivatehomes,ther