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1、7708d_c07_384*7/23/0110:00AMPage384FlowpastacircularcylinderwithRe2000:Thepathlinesofflowpastanycircularcylinder1regardlessofsize,velocity,orfluid2areasshownprovidedthatthedimensionlessparametercalledtheReynoldsnumber,Re,isequalto2000.ForothervaluesofRe,theflowpatternwill
2、bedifferent1airbubblesinwater2.1PhotographcourtesyofONERA,France.27708d_c07_384*7/23/0110:00AMPage3857Similitude,DimensionalAnalysis,andModelingAlthoughmanypracticalengineeringproblemsinvolvingfluidmechanicscanbesolvedbyusingtheequationsandanalyticalproceduresdescribedinth
3、eprecedingchapters,therere-mainalargenumberofproblemsthatrelyonexperimentallyobtaineddatafortheirsolu-tion.Infact,itisprobablyfairtosaythatveryfewproblemsinvolvingrealfluidscanbeExperimentationsolvedbyanalysisalone.Thesolutiontomanyproblemsisachievedthroughtheuseofaandmode
4、lingarecombinationofanalysisandexperimentaldata.Thus,engineersworkingonfluidmechanicswidelyusedtech-problemsshouldbefamiliarwiththeexperimentalapproachtotheseproblemssothattheyniquesinfluidcaninterpretandmakeuseofdataobtainedbyothers,suchasmightappearinhandbooks,mechanics.
5、orbeabletoplanandexecutethenecessaryexperimentsintheirownlaboratories.Inthischapterweconsidersometechniquesandideasthatareimportantintheplanningandexe-cutionofexperiments,aswellasinunderstandingandcorrelatingdatathatmayhavebeenobtainedbyotherexperimenters.Anobviousgoalofan
6、yexperimentistomaketheresultsaswidelyapplicableaspos-sible.Toachievethisend,theconceptofsimilitudeisoftenusedsothatmeasurementsmadeononesystem1forexample,inthelaboratory2canbeusedtodescribethebehaviorofothersimilarsystems1outsidethelaboratory2.Thelaboratorysystemsareusuall
7、ythoughtofasmodelsandareusedtostudythephenomenonofinterestundercarefullycontrolledcondi-tions.Fromthesemodelstudies,empiricalformulationscanbedeveloped,orspecificpre-dictionsofoneormorecharacteristicsofsomeothersimilarsystemcanbemade.Todothis,itisnecessarytoestablishtherel
8、ationshipbetweenthelaboratorymodelandthe“other”sys-tem.Inthefollowingsections,wefindoutho
