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1、7708d_c08_442-5317/23/012:38PMPage442Turbulentjet:Thejetofwaterfromthepipeisturbulent.Thecomplex,irregular,unsteadystructuretypicalofturbulentflowsisapparent.(Laser-inducedfluorescenceofdyeinwater.)(PhotographybyP.E.Dimotakis,R.C.Lye,andD.Z.Papantoniou.)7708d_c08_442-5317/23/012:
2、38PMPage4438ViscousFlowinPipesInthepreviouschapterswehaveconsideredavarietyoftopicsconcerningthemotionoffluids.Thebasicgoverningprinciplesconcerningmass,momentum,andenergywerede-velopedandapplied,inconjunctionwithrathersevereassumptions,tonumerousflowsitu-ations.Inthischapterwewi
3、llapplythebasicprinciplestoaspecific,importanttopic—theflowofviscous,incompressiblefluidsinpipesandducts.Thetransportofafluid1liquidorgas2inaclosedconduit1commonlycalledapipeifitisofroundcrosssectionoraductifitisnotround2isextremelyimportantinourdailyoperations.Abriefconsideratio
4、noftheworldarounduswillindicatethatthereisawideva-rietyofapplicationsofpipeflow.Suchapplicationsrangefromthelarge,man-madeAlaskanpipelinethatcarriescrudeoilalmost800milesacrossAlaska,tothemorecomplex1andcer-tainlynotlessuseful2naturalsystemsof“pipes”thatcarrybloodthroughoutourbod
5、yandairintoandoutofourlungs.OtherexamplesincludethewaterpipesinourhomesandthePipeflowisverydistributionsystemthatdeliversthewaterfromthecitywelltothehouse.Numeroushosesimportantinourandpipescarryhydraulicfluidorotherfluidstovariouscomponentsofvehiclesandma-dailyoperations.chines.
6、Theairqualitywithinourbuildingsismaintainedatcomfortablelevelsbythedis-tributionofconditioned1heated,cooled,humidifieddehumidified2airthroughamazeofpipesandducts.Althoughallofthesesystemsaredifferent,thefluid-mechanicsprinciplesgoverningthefluidmotionsarecommon.Thepurposeofthisc
7、hapteristounderstandthebasicprocessesinvolvedinsuchflows.SomeofthebasiccomponentsofatypicalpipesystemareshowninFig.8.1.Theyin-cludethepipesthemselves1perhapsofmorethanonediameter2,thevariousfittingsusedtoconnecttheindividualpipestoformthedesiredsystem,theflowratecontroldevices1va
8、lves2,andthepumpsorturbinesthataddenergy
