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1、Professor:MichaelsandelClass1:themoralsideofmurderFirstquestion:Whatistherightthingtodo?Killoneinsteadoffive?Backgrounds:Supposethatyouareatrolley(電車)driver,yourbreaksdon’twork,youstillcouldcontrolthesteeringwheel,andtherearetwotracksinfrontofyouOneo
2、pinion:gostraightSecondone:turnaroundtothetrackwhereonlyonepeoplestandingPrinciple:bettertosavefivelivesevenifitmeanstosacrificingone第一種觀點(diǎn):轉(zhuǎn)彎犧牲一個(gè)人的做法和極權(quán)主義和種族主義(genocideandtotalitarianism)的出發(fā)點(diǎn)一致第二種觀點(diǎn):你不能做出殺死五個(gè)人而放棄犧牲一個(gè)人就能救五人性命的選擇。(多數(shù)選擇)場(chǎng)景轉(zhuǎn)換:你變成了一個(gè)onloo
3、ker(旁觀者)在橋上看著軌道,身邊有一個(gè)胖子探出身子再看,你會(huì)把他推下橋從而救五個(gè)人的命嗎?不會(huì)(多數(shù)選擇):推人是主觀行動(dòng)而且是你可控制的行為,而電車的情況你無(wú)法控制Moralprinciple:1whatyoushoulddodependsontheconsequencesthatwillresultfromyouractions.(consequentialistmoralreasoning結(jié)果主義道德倫理locatesmoralityintheconsequenceofanact)re
4、latedtoutilitarianism(功利主義)2categoricalmoralreasoning絕對(duì)主義道德倫理locatesmoralityincertaindutiesandrightsPhilosophyestrangesusfromthefamiliarbyinvitingandprovokingusanewwayofseeing哲學(xué)使得熟悉的事物變得陌生通過(guò)引進(jìn)和啟發(fā)我們一個(gè)看待事物的新方式Oncethefamiliarturnsstrangeisneverquitesame
5、againImmanuelkantskepticismisarestingplaceforhumanreasonOneofthemostimportantandinfluentialversionsofconsequentialistmoraltheory:philosophyofutilitarianism,Jeremybentham,englishphilosopherfirstgavethisconceptUtilitarianism:Jeremybenthamideaismaximize
6、theutility(效益最大化),utility:Pleasureoverpain,thesloganofit“thegreatestgoodforthegreatestnumber”故事:19世紀(jì)的英國(guó)法律案件,在所在帆船被風(fēng)浪擊毀,超過(guò)二十天在救生艇上飄蕩的四名英國(guó)船員,三人因?yàn)樯娴男枰獨(dú)⒘怂麄冄傺僖幌⒌耐椴⒁运难腿馍嫦聛?lái)并且最終得救,回到英國(guó)三人面臨抹殺罪名的審判,他們的行為在道德上能否被接受?Itstillunacceptedtokillingoneforsurvival(v
7、astmajority):youdon’townthispowertodecideothers’fatesClasstwo:puttingapricetagonlifeUtilitylogic:cost-benefitanalysis(成本收益分析),placingavaluetostandforutilityoncostandbenefitsofvariousproposalsAcost-benefitanalysisofsmokingonCzechbyPhilipmorrisstudycos
8、tsbenefitsIncreasedinhealthcarecostsTaxrevenuefromcigarettesalesHealthcaresavings(earlydeath)PensionsavingsSavingsonhousingcostsConclusion:Czechgovernmentnetgain$147milliondollarifcitizenssmokeSavingsfromprematuredeaths$1227perpersonRepairingthefordp