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1、本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯原文：TheNewcompetitionandNewEconomy:PolandintheInternationalDivisionofLabor出處：EUROPE-ASIASTUDIESVol.59,No.5,July2007,761–777作者：JANEHARDY1.UneventransformationandtheriseoftheneweconomyInthelast15yearsthePolisheconomyhasundergoneaprofoundrestructu
2、ringwhichhasfallenintoroughlythreephases.Intheearlytomid-1990sexposuretotheinternationaleconomymeantthebankruptcyandclosureoflargestateownedenterprises(SOEs)andinsomecaseswholesectors,textilesforexamplebeingoneoftheworstaffected.ThecollapseoftheSovietUn
3、ionandthedisbandingofitstradingsystem(CMEA)4meantthedisappearanceofthemainmarketforrelativelyadvancedtechnologicalgoods,whichaffectedkeysectorsoftheeconomy,dinparticular.In1999,theso-called‘secondwave’ofreformsintroducedthemarketintopublicservicesandres
4、tructuredwelfarewithprofoundimplicationsforworkersandusersaclike(Kolarska-Bobin′ska2000;Stunning&Hardy2005).Themostdramaticofthesereformswasinthehealthservice,whichresultedinhospitalclosuresandjoblossesofnearly27.1%between1995and2003(seeTable1).By2006,t
5、hethirdroundofrestructuringwasunderway,primarilyinareasstipulatedbyEUcompetitionpolicy,whichhasfocusedontelecommunications,airlines,railwaysandthepostoffice.Table1showthattheimpactofthisrestructuringhasbeenhighlyunevenbetweensectors,reflectingtheirdegre
6、eofcompetitivenessandtheirabilitytointegratewiththeglobaleconomy.Italsoreflectstheimportanceofnewprioritiesandfunctionsnecessaryforamoderncapitalisteconomy.Theunevennessofrestructuringhasbeenreflectedinunevendistributionalimpactsoftransformationintermso
7、f-11-regions,localities,socialclassandgender(Dunford&Smith2000;Petrakos2001;Heidenreich2003;WorldBank2004;Skolt2001;Slavic2000).Paceetal.(2004)pointtotheparadoxofincreasingpovertyandinequalityalongsidewhatisconsideredtobegoodgrowthandsoundeconomicfundam
8、entalsWhilethenumberofpeoplelivingbelowthesubsistencelinewas6.4%in1994thisfigurehadrisento11.8%by2004(GUS2005).By2004theaveragerateofUnemploymentwas20%,althoughinsomepartsofPolandandforyoungpeoplethisfigurewasfarhigher.Thetwosect
