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1、BehavioralEconomics:Past,Present,FutureColinF.CamererDivisionofHumanitiesandSocialSciences228-77CaltechPasadena,CA91125camerer@hss.caltech.eduGeorgeLoewensteinDepartmentofSocialandDecisionSciencesCarnegie-MellonUniversityPittsburghPA15213gl20+@andrew.cmu.edudraft:10/25/02Behavioraleconom
2、icsincreasestheexplanatorypowerofeconomicsbyprovidingitwithmorerealisticpsychologicalfoundations.Thisbookconsistsofrepresentativerecentarticlesin1behavioraleconomics.Thischapterisintendedtoprovideanintroductiontotheapproachandmethodsofbehavioraleconomics,andtosomeofitsmajorfindings,appli
3、cations,andpromisingnewdirections.Italsoseekstofillsomeunavoidablegapsinthechapterscoverageoftopics.WhatBehavioralEconomicsTriesToDoAtthecoreofbehavioraleconomicsistheconvictionthatincreasingtherealismofthepsychologicalunderpinningsofeconomicanalysiswillimproveeconomicsonitsownterms--gen
4、eratingtheoreticalinsights,makingbetterpredictionsoffieldphenomena,andsuggestingbetterpolicy.Thisconvictiondoesnotimplyawholesalerejectionoftheneoclassicalapproachtoeconomicsbasedonutilitymaximization,equilibrium,andefficiency.Theneoclassicalapproachisusefulbecauseitprovideseconomistswit
5、hatheoreticalframeworkthatcanbeappliedtoalmostanyformofeconomic(andevennon-economic)behavior,anditmakes1Sinceitisabookofadvances,manyoftheseminalarticleswhichinfluencedthosecollectedherearenotincluded,butarenotedbelowandarewidelyreprintedelsewhere.1refutablepredictions.Manyofthesepredict
6、ionsaretestedinthechaptersofthisbook,andrejectionsofthosepredictionssuggestnewtheories.Mostofthepapersmodifyoneortwoassumptionsinstandardtheoryinthedirectionofgreaterpsychologicalrealism.Oftenthesedeparturesarenotradicalatallbecausetheyrelaxsimplifyingassumptionsthatarenotcentraltotheeco
7、nomicapproach.Forexample,thereisnothingincoreneoclassicaltheorythatspecifiesthatpeopleshouldnotcareaboutfairness,thattheyshouldweightriskyoutcomesinalinearfashion,orthattheymustdiscountthefuture2exponentiallyataconstantrate.Otherassumptionssimplyacknowledgehumanlimitsonco
