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1、27HumanCoronavirusRespiratoryInfectionsThomasEdwardCecere,StephanieMichelleTodd,and?Owen?BenjaminRichmondCONTENTS27.1Introduction..........................................................................................................................54727.2Epidemiology...............
2、.........................................................................................................54927.3ClinicalFeatures...................................................................................................................55027.4PathogenesisandImmunity............
3、......................................................................................55127.5Diagnosis..............................................................................................................................55227.6Treatment.........................................
4、.....................................................................................553References......................................................................................................................................55427.1INTRODUCTIONCoronavirusesareenveloped,positive
5、-sense,single-stranded,ribonucleicacid(RNA)virusesinthefamilyCoronaviridae,oftheorderNidovirales.1?3Viralparticlesaretypically120–160nmindiameterandthegenomicRNAiscappedandpolyadenylatedwithanaveragelengthof27–31kb.4Virionsarecomposedofaflexiblecore,formedbytheviralRNAandmultiplecopie
6、softhenucleo-capsid(N)protein,surroundedbytheviralmembrane,whichconsistsofthespike(S),envelope(E),andmembrane(M)proteins.1TheSproteinsareheavilyglycosylatedandthisfeatureisnecessaryforestablishmentandmaintenanceofinfection.1TheRNAgenomecontainsatleastsixopenread-ingframes(ORFs).The5′e
7、ndofthegenomeencompassesORF1,whichcomprisesthemajorityofthegenome(approximatelytwo-thirds).ORF1issubdividedintoORF1aandORF1b,whicharetranslatedtotwopolyproteins,pp1aandpp1ab(Figure27.1).Translationofpp1abfollowspp1aaftera?1frameshift.Thesearethencleavedintoupto16viralreplicaseproteins
8、bythe
