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1、Pragmatics---languageinUseContents:TwoprinciplesofPragmatics12ThePolitenessPrincipleTheCooperativePrinciple1,TheCooperativePrincipleandit’sMaxims(HerbertPaulGrice)Theparticipantsinaconversationnormallycommunicateinamaximallyefficient,rationalandcooperativeway.MaximsofCPQualityQuan
2、tityRelevanceManner1)Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.2)Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.QualitytrueMakeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired.Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.QuantityinformativeRelevanceMakeyourcontributionrelevant.1)avoidobscur
3、ityofexpression.2)avoidambiguity.3)bebrief.4)beorderly.MannerBeperspicuousandspeificallyThatistosay:Humanbeingstrytospeaksincerely,relevantlyandclearly,whileprovidingsufficientinformation—TheCooperativePrincipleFloutofCPoccurs,whatfollows?Implicature(會(huì)話含義，言外之意)Conversationalimplic
4、aturesThetermofconversationalimplicature:Itreferstotheadditionalunstatedmeaningthathastobeassumedinordertomaintainthecooperativeprinciple.Conversationalimplicatures:TwocategoriesFourfeatures:TwocategoriesofConversationalimplicatures:1)standardconversationalimplicature2)Particulari
5、zedconversationalimplicature—Volation(flout)ofCPExamples:(1)A:Mayweknowyourage,please?B:I’mnineteenyearsold.(2)A:Wouldyoumindtellingmeyouraddress?B:SomewhereinthesouthofFujian.(3)A:How’shertermpaper?B:Herhandwritingisquitebeautiful!(4)A:Let’sgetthekidssomething.B:Okey,butIvetoI-C-
6、E-C-R-E-A-M.Fourfeaturesofconversationalimplicatures:InferabilityCancellabilityOpen-endednessNon-detachability2,ThePolitenessPrincipleThereasonforimplicitlyandindirectlybyfloutingthefourmaximsofthecooperativeprinciple:Facewant(theexpectationconcerningtheirpublicself-image).Tomaint
7、ainharmoniousinterpersonalrelationshipsandensuresuccessfulsocialinteraction.Brown&Levinson:TheFaceTheory:(1)Thepositiveface---apersonwhowantstobeacceped,likedbyothersandtobetreatedasamemberofthegroup.(connected)(2)Thenegativeface---apersonwhowantstobeindependent,tohavefreedomofact
8、ion,andnottobeimposedonbyothers.(
