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口腔健康促進(jìn)與健康教育OralHealthPromotion&HealthEducation北京大學(xué)口腔醫(yī)學(xué)院預(yù)防口腔醫(yī)學(xué)教研室
Theconceptofhealth(1)健康(health):健康不僅僅是沒(méi)有疾病或衰弱,而是身心健康、社會(huì)幸福的完美狀態(tài)。Healthisastateofcompletephysical,mental,andsocialwell-beingandnotmerelytheabsenceofdiseaseorinfirmity。——WorldHealthOrganization(1946)BasicDocuments,5thed.P.1.
Understandtheconceptofhealth(2)根據(jù)人類(lèi)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)定義健康,引入行為科學(xué)的方法研究健康問(wèn)題。強(qiáng)調(diào)健康不僅與個(gè)體有關(guān),還與社會(huì),生態(tài)和經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的因素有關(guān)。Whatthisdefinitionrecognizesrelevanttohealthcareisthattheterms“physical,mental,andsocial…”,conceptualizehealthaccordingtohuman-systemframeworkwhichinvitesabehaviouralscience-orientedapproachtothestudyofhealth.Furthermore,itemphasizestheideathathealthgoesbeyondtheindividualtoincludesocial,ecologicalandeconomicfacetsofhealth.
Thedimensionsofhealth個(gè)體健康(innercircle)6個(gè)方面社會(huì)健康(middlecircle)環(huán)境健康(outcircle)
Theconceptoforalhealth(1)※口腔健康(oralhealth):牙齒清潔、無(wú)齲洞、無(wú)疼痛感、牙齦顏色正常、無(wú)出血現(xiàn)象。Teethcleannocariescavities,nopains,gingivawithnormalcolureandnosignofbleeding.——WHO1981
Theconceptoforalhealth(2)口腔健康(OralHealth):口腔健康是牙、牙周組織、口腔臨近部位及頜面部均無(wú)組織結(jié)構(gòu)與功能性異常。Dentalhealthisconcernedwiththefunctionalefficiencynotonlyoftheteethandsupportingstructuresbutalsothesurroundingpartsoftheoralcavityandorthevariousstructuresrelatedtomasticationandthemaxilla-facialcomplex?!猈HO1965
Theconceptoforalhealth(3)口腔健康不再僅僅關(guān)系到對(duì)口腔疾病的治療,而是與可預(yù)防的一系列口腔疾病危險(xiǎn)因素有關(guān),特別是社會(huì)心理、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化因素。
OralHealthEducation口腔健康教育
健康教育定義DefinitionofHealthEducation:Anyplannedcombinationoflearningexperiencesdesignedtopredispose,enable,andreinforcevoluntarybehaviourconducivetohealth,inindividuals,groups,orcommunities.(Frazier,1992)
健康教育定義DefinitionofHealthEducation:健康教育(healtheducation):任何學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)和教學(xué)活動(dòng)的結(jié)合,其內(nèi)容是為了促進(jìn)人們自覺(jué)接受有益于健康的行為。Anycombinationoflearningopportunitiesandteachingactivitiesdesignedtofacilitatevoluntaryadaptationsofbehaviourthatareconducivetohealth?!狦reen,L.W.Nationalpolicyinthepromotionofhealth,1979
※口腔健康教育的最終目的Theobjectiveofdentalhealtheducation口腔健康教育的最終目的是使人認(rèn)識(shí)到并能終生保持口腔健康。Theultimateobjectiveofallplanneddentalhealtheducationactivitiesistoobtainandmaintainoptimumdentalandoralhealthstatusforallindividualsthroughoutlife.(WHO1970)
口腔健康教育的基本概念(1)BasicConceptsofOralHealthEducation※口腔健康教育(Oralhealtheducation):以教育的手段促使人們主動(dòng)采取利于口腔健康的行為,以達(dá)到建立口腔健康行為的目的。健康教育的一部分??谇唤】的繕?biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)要求運(yùn)用健康教育有效的原則和程序。Dentalhealtheducationisanintegralpartofgeneralhealtheducation,theachievementofdentalhealthgoalswillrequiretheapplicationofprinciplesandprocessesthatareeffectiveinotheraspectsofhealtheducation。(WHO,1970)
口腔健康教育的基本概念(2)BasicConceptsofOralHealthEducation是通過(guò)行為改變來(lái)促進(jìn)健康的科學(xué):包括個(gè)人、集體和整個(gè)社會(huì)的改變。個(gè)體或群體行為改變知識(shí)態(tài)度價(jià)值觀干預(yù)技能環(huán)境健康教育工作原理
口腔健康教育的基本概念(3)BasicConceptsofOralHealthEducation健康教育不能代替預(yù)防服務(wù)措施,它是預(yù)防服務(wù)措施的教育部分,為了使人們了解和接受這些措施的價(jià)值。Healtheducationisnotasubstituteforapreventiveservice—itistheeducationalcomponentofsuchaservicedesignedtodevelopunderstandingandacceptanceofitsvalue.(WHO1984)
口腔健康教育的基本概念(4)BasicConceptsofOralHealthEducation“人民有權(quán)利和義務(wù)參加討論制定健康計(jì)劃以及如何貫徹等問(wèn)題”“針對(duì)人群中流行的疾病進(jìn)行健康教育,并教給人們確定、預(yù)防和控制這些疾病的方法”,是初級(jí)衛(wèi)生保健八項(xiàng)任務(wù)的首位任務(wù),健康教育和促進(jìn)在實(shí)現(xiàn)個(gè)人和社區(qū)的口腔健康中是必不可少的,兩者不可分割,無(wú)論何時(shí)都應(yīng)該成為所有保健項(xiàng)目策劃、執(zhí)行和評(píng)價(jià)的一部分?!?978年阿拉木圖宣言第四條款
口腔健康教育的基本概念BasicConceptsofOralHealthEducation“thepeoplehavetherightanddutytoparticipateindividuallyandcollectivelyintheplanningandimplementationoftheirhealthcare”,“Educationconcerningprevailinghealthproblemsandthemethodsofidentifying,preventingandcontrollingthem”asthefirstoftheeightrecommendedactivitiesmakingupprimaryhealthcare.——WHO。Primaryhealthcare.Alma-Ata1978.
口腔健康教育的基本概念(5)BasicConceptsofOralHealthEducation傳遞正確的信息educatingwithcorrectinformation:例:刷牙不是預(yù)防齲齒的有效方法,只有使用含氟牙膏才能有效預(yù)防齲齒。因此針對(duì)齲病的預(yù)防,口腔健康教育應(yīng)著重強(qiáng)調(diào)使用含氟牙膏(每天至少一次)而不是強(qiáng)調(diào)機(jī)械刷牙。但是,刷牙對(duì)預(yù)防牙周疾病是重要的。
口腔健康教育的基本概念(5)BasicConceptsofOralHealthEducation健康教育采用多種教育方法,要與項(xiàng)目直接或間接相關(guān),保證向人們傳達(dá)的知識(shí)的準(zhǔn)確性,并使人們正確理解,保持人們對(duì)項(xiàng)目的興趣和積極參加。Educationaleffortsusingmanydifferenteducationalmethodsshouldbedirectedtowardsthoseassociatedwiththeprogramme,directlyorindirectly,toensureaccurateknowledgeandunderstanding,andtomaintaininterestandparticipation。(WHO,1984)
※口腔健康教育的原則Healtheducationprinciples口腔健康教育納入綜合健康教育計(jì)劃中。Oralhealtheducationshouldbebuiltintogeneralhealtheducationprogrammes.(WHO,1984)國(guó)家或地方綜合性的保健規(guī)劃中都應(yīng)明確規(guī)定口腔保健目
※口腔健康教育的原則Healtheducationprinciples每項(xiàng)口腔預(yù)防措的實(shí)施都包括健康教育的內(nèi)容。Everyavailablepreventiveoralhealthprocedureincludeseducationalcomponents.(WHO,1984)
※口腔健康教育的原則Healtheducationprinciples對(duì)各類(lèi)保健計(jì)劃制定的相關(guān)人群都要進(jìn)行健康教育:政策制定者、食品加工業(yè)人員、保健服務(wù)人員、家長(zhǎng)、教師、參加預(yù)防措施的人員和學(xué)生。Educationofavarietyofdifferenttargetgroups:policy-makers,foodmanufacturingindustry,allhealthcareproviders,parents,schoolpersonnel,primaryhealthcareworkers,programmeparticipants,andschoolstudents.(WHO,1984)
※口腔健康教育的原則Healtheducationprinciples健康教育教材的設(shè)計(jì)要內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確,及時(shí)更新知識(shí),形式要有趣并有藝術(shù)性。Educationalmaterialsshouldbedesignedtogainorfocusattention,toprovidenewknowledge,tofacilitateinterpersonalandgroupdiscussion,andtoreinforceorclarifypriorknowledgeandbehaviour.Materialssuchasleaflets,newsreleases,posters,films,andslidesseriesareappropriateeducationalaids.(WHO,1984)
※口腔健康教育的原則Healtheducationprinciples因地制宜,符合當(dāng)?shù)匚幕?、教育和社?huì)情況和目標(biāo)。Inallcommunityandschool-basedsettings,oralhealthinstructionshouldbeconsistentandcompatiblewithscientificknowledgeaswellaswiththelocalculture,theeducationalsystem,andsocialgoals.(WHO,1984)
社區(qū)健康教育方法themethodsusedincommunityhealthducation社區(qū)健康教育方法可分為四大類(lèi)dividedintothefollowingfourbroadcategories:1.個(gè)別交流(one-to-onecommunication)。2.以組為單位報(bào)告、討論、決定有關(guān)健康信息(grouppresentationsofinformationandgroupdiscussionanddecision-making)
社區(qū)健康教育方法themethodsusedincommunityhealtheducation3.借助傳播媒介(disseminatinginformationthroughmasscommunicationchannels,includingtheuseofpamphlets,posters,newspaters,newsletters,rediaoandtelevision.)4.組織社區(qū)活動(dòng)(communityorganizationalstrategies)項(xiàng)目實(shí)施的不同階段,單個(gè)或聯(lián)合應(yīng)用。
OralHealthPromotion口腔健康教育計(jì)劃
口腔健康教育計(jì)劃的目標(biāo)Objectiveoftheoralhealtheducationprogrammes目標(biāo)——在調(diào)查研究基礎(chǔ)上,計(jì)劃預(yù)定時(shí)間內(nèi)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的,也可以衡量的指標(biāo)。※口腔健康教育目標(biāo)應(yīng)包括的四類(lèi)內(nèi)容:改進(jìn)口腔健康狀況的目標(biāo);減少危險(xiǎn)因素的目標(biāo);改進(jìn)服務(wù)與防護(hù)的目標(biāo);提高公眾與專(zhuān)業(yè)人員認(rèn)識(shí)的目標(biāo);
口腔健康具體目標(biāo)Oralhealthgoal口腔健康具體目標(biāo)四要素:特定人群;具體指向;可被測(cè)量的尺度;目標(biāo)預(yù)期實(shí)現(xiàn)的時(shí)間;
口腔健康教育計(jì)劃的設(shè)計(jì)六個(gè)步驟:確定有待解決的問(wèn)題;確定目標(biāo);評(píng)估本目標(biāo)實(shí)施的條件;確定內(nèi)容與選擇方法;充分估計(jì)執(zhí)行中的困難;評(píng)估效果;
口腔健康教育的評(píng)價(jià)Evaluation對(duì)口腔健康項(xiàng)目的評(píng)價(jià):是否完成了項(xiàng)目所提出的目標(biāo)項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)與執(zhí)行是否合理有效項(xiàng)目的投入效益(社會(huì)效益與經(jīng)濟(jì)效益)
口腔健康教育的評(píng)價(jià)Evaluation對(duì)口腔健康知、信、行評(píng)價(jià)的內(nèi)容:口腔健康意識(shí)的變化口腔健康知識(shí)的變化對(duì)口腔健康問(wèn)題所持態(tài)度的變化口腔健康行為的變化社會(huì)環(huán)境的變化:口腔衛(wèi)生方針、政策
口腔健康教育與促進(jìn)的評(píng)價(jià)Evaluation評(píng)價(jià)的目的——保證資源的充分利用。評(píng)價(jià)的時(shí)間——在項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行之前,計(jì)劃階段就要確定評(píng)價(jià)的方法。直接評(píng)價(jià)——通常采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)指數(shù),直接評(píng)價(jià)健康狀況改善的程度,如DMFT,CPITN。間接評(píng)價(jià)——同時(shí)也需要調(diào)查和衡量某些行動(dòng),以便鑒定項(xiàng)目某些方面是否合適或需修訂或取消。
口腔健康教育與促進(jìn)的評(píng)價(jià)Evaluation取得評(píng)價(jià)用的資料有困難或經(jīng)費(fèi)上的問(wèn)題但不容忽略,行政長(zhǎng)官往往忽略這一步驟,應(yīng)予以關(guān)注方法:在進(jìn)行整個(gè)人群效果評(píng)價(jià)之前,可在一個(gè)局部地區(qū)進(jìn)行不同方面的評(píng)價(jià);同時(shí),在方便的時(shí)候,定期進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。
口腔健康促進(jìn)OralHealthPromotion
健康促進(jìn)的起源Theoriginsanddevelopmentofhealthpromotion(1)Investhighly----Afterthe2ndWorldWarEnsuringaccesstohealthservicesfacilities(hospital&primarycare)forthoseinneedTheNationalHealthService(UK,1948)Universalpubliclymanagedhealthinsuranceschemes(Canada,60’s-70’s)Legislation----health-relatedresources(USA)MedicaidandMedicare----readilyavailabletotheoldandpoor(Green&Kreuter,1990)
健康促進(jìn)的起源Theoriginsanddevelopmentofhealthpromotion(2)Resourcedevelopment----Afterthe2ndWorldWarTheoriginalassumption:Betteraccesstohigh-qualityhealthserviceinevitablyledtobetterhealth.?Thechallengingassumption:Spendingmoremoneyonhealthserviceswillhavelimitedimpactonthehealthofthepopulation.
健康促進(jìn)的起源Theoriginsanddevelopmentofhealthpromotion(3)Thefacts:免費(fèi)醫(yī)療保健沒(méi)有消除貧富人群的健康差異theprovisionoffreehealthcaredidnotinandofitselfeliminatethehealthgapbetweenthewealthyandthepoor.死亡率和發(fā)病率與社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)狀態(tài)成反比Themortality&morbidityvssocioeconomicstatus----inversely
健康促進(jìn)的起源Theoriginsanddevelopmentofhealthpromotion(4)Theconsequence:醫(yī)療費(fèi)用限制政策出臺(tái)Costcontainmentpolicy推出健康教育措施以促進(jìn)自我保健,減少就醫(yī)Theroleofhealtheducationinpromotingself-careandreducingutilizationofservices
健康促進(jìn)的起源Theoriginsanddevelopmentofhealthpromotion(5)新型保健機(jī)構(gòu)誕生(健康維護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu))Newformsofmedicalpractice(healthmaintenanceorganizations)醫(yī)療專(zhuān)業(yè)人員提供疾病預(yù)防服務(wù)可以收費(fèi)Professionalswerepaidforprevention
健康促進(jìn)的起源Theoriginsanddevelopmentofhealthpromotion(6)疾病普改變:Themajorhealthproblemsofmodernpopulations,particularlythepoor,wereandcontinuetobechronicdegenerativediseasesExpensivetomanagebutcouldnotbecuredCouldbepreventedbychangesinpersonalbehavioursinsocialandphysicalenvironments
健康促進(jìn)的起源Theoriginsanddevelopmentofhealthpromotion(7)ThehistoricalresearchofMcKeownimprovementsinhealthofoverthepast200yearsweretheproductofrisingstandardsofliving,improvementsinthesocialandphysicalenvironmentinsanitationandwatersupplies.(1979)
健康促進(jìn)的起源Theoriginsanddevelopmentofhealthpromotion(8)TuberculosisThemortalityfromtuberculosisdeclinedby90%beforechemotherapyandBCGvaccinationbecameavailable.hostresistanceTheimprovedenvironmentdecreasedexposuretoinfectiousdiseasesandincreasedhostresistancetomicroorganisms.
健康促進(jìn)的起源Theoriginsanddevelopmentofhealthpromotion(9)Newapproachtopopulationhealth——healthpromotionRejectsmuchofthephilosophyonwhichhealthserviceprovisionhasbeenbased.InvolvesthepreventionofdiseasesandbehviourchangethroughhealtheducationAndgoesfarbeyondthem
新公共衛(wèi)生NewPublicHealth阿拉木圖初級(jí)衛(wèi)生保健宣言——1978渥太華健康促進(jìn)憲章——1986阿德雷德健康的公共政策建議——1988對(duì)健康的支持環(huán)境——1991
健康促進(jìn)的定義Defininghealthpromotion※運(yùn)用行政或組織手段,廣泛動(dòng)員和協(xié)調(diào)社會(huì)各相關(guān)部門(mén)以及社區(qū)、家庭和個(gè)人,使其履行各自對(duì)健康的責(zé)任,共同維護(hù)和促進(jìn)健康的一種社會(huì)行為和社會(huì)戰(zhàn)略。
口腔健康促進(jìn)的發(fā)展Thedevelopmentoforalhealthpromotion1990s----ThedisciplineoforalhealthpromotionhasthereforeemergedasameansofimprovingoralhealthbasedupontheprinciplesoftheNewPublicHealthmovement。
口腔健康促進(jìn)的發(fā)展ThedevelopmentoforalhealthpromotionAcoreelementoforalhealthpromotion——therecognitionofTheimportanceofthedeterminantsoforalhealththeneedtoreduceoralhealthinequalities
口腔健康促進(jìn)的發(fā)展ThedevelopmentoforalhealthpromotionContemporaryoralhealthpromotionseekstopromoteoralhealthbyimprovingboth:Thewayspeoplelive——生活方式Theconditionoflivingthatarerelevanttooralhealth——生活條件
健康的決定因素thedeterminantsofhealth環(huán)境因素:環(huán)境因素包括自然環(huán)境與社會(huì)環(huán)境兩個(gè)方面行為與生活方式:行為與生活方式是指因自身行為所產(chǎn)生的影響健康的因素衛(wèi)生保健服務(wù)因素:衛(wèi)生保健服務(wù)因素是社會(huì)因素中直接與健康有關(guān)的一個(gè)重要方面,包括預(yù)防服務(wù),醫(yī)療與康復(fù)服務(wù)生物遺傳因素:已知人類(lèi)的遺傳性缺陷和遺傳性疾病近三千種,約占人類(lèi)各種疾病的1/5
口腔健康促進(jìn)——危險(xiǎn)因素策略RiskFactorApproachSocio-culturalriskfactorsHealthsystemandoralhealthservicesEnvironmentalriskfactorsUseoforalhealthservicesOutcome:OralhealthstatusImpairmentQualityoflifeGeneralhealthRiskbehavior:OralhygieneDietTobaccoAlcoholWHO2003
健康促進(jìn)的功能——五個(gè)工作領(lǐng)域促進(jìn)制定有利于健康的政策buildinghealthypublicpolicy促進(jìn)建設(shè)和保護(hù)物質(zhì)環(huán)境和自然環(huán)境creatingsupportiveenvironments促進(jìn)提高個(gè)人和群體保健知識(shí)和技能developingpersonalskills促進(jìn)調(diào)整衛(wèi)生服務(wù)方向reorientinghealthservices促進(jìn)發(fā)展社區(qū)能力strengtheningcommunityactionOttawaCharterforHealthPromotion(WHO1986)
※健康促進(jìn)的原則PrinciplesofHealthpromotion(1)1、全社會(huì)參與,結(jié)合日常生活,不僅僅關(guān)注處于危險(xiǎn)因素中的患病人群Healthpromotioninvolvesthepopulationasawholeinthecontextoftheireverydaylivesratherthanfocusingonpeoplewhoaresickoratriskforspecificdiseases.
※健康促進(jìn)的原則PrinciplesofHealthpromotion(2)2、針對(duì)健康決定因素,社會(huì)多部門(mén)協(xié)同行動(dòng)Itisdirectedtowardsactiononthedeterminantsofhealthandrequiresclosecooperationbetweenmanydifferentsectorsofsociety.3、采取多種聯(lián)合措施,進(jìn)行必要的組織機(jī)構(gòu)調(diào)整,通過(guò)社區(qū)建設(shè)和地區(qū)行動(dòng)確定并鏟除健康危險(xiǎn)因素Itcombinesmanydifferentapproachesandrequiresorganizationalchange,communitydevelopmentandlocalactivitiestoidentifyandremovehealthhazards.
※健康促進(jìn)的原則PrinciplesofHealthpromotion(3)4、以切實(shí)有效的公眾參與為目標(biāo),使個(gè)人和社區(qū)獲得發(fā)現(xiàn)健康問(wèn)題并正確抉擇的生存技能Healthpromotionaimsateffectiveandconcretepublicparticipationandrequiresthatproblem-defininganddecision-makinglifeskillsbedevelopedfurtherinindividualsandcommunities.
※健康促進(jìn)的原則PrinciplesofHealthpromotion(4)5、盡管不是醫(yī)療服務(wù),但這是衛(wèi)生和社會(huì)范疇的活動(dòng),衛(wèi)生專(zhuān)業(yè)人員可以在教育和鼓動(dòng)中發(fā)揮特殊作用Whileitisanactivityinthehealthandsocialfields,itisnotamedicalservice;healthprofessionalshaveaspecialcontributiontomakeintheareasofeducationandadvocacy.——WHO1984
※口腔健康促進(jìn)的策略與方法群體策略Communitystrategies專(zhuān)業(yè)人力策略Professionalstrategies個(gè)體策略IndividualstrategiesWHO2003
群體策略方法Communitystrategies(1)Community-widehealthpromotioninterventionsCommunitywaterfluoridation,saltfluoridationSchool-basedfluoridemouthrinse,
群體策略方法Communitystrategies(2)fluoridetabletprogrammesSchool-basedorschool-linkeddentalsealantprogrammes,oralhygieneprogrammes,screeningandreferral
專(zhuān)業(yè)人力策略方法ProfessionalstrategiesPatienteducationandcounsellingonriskfactorsProfessionalplaquecontrolTopicalapplicationoffluoridesProvisionofdentalsealantsIndividualizedrecallschedule
個(gè)體策略方法IndividualstrategiesSelf-carepracticesOralhygienemeasuresToothbrushing,flossing,traditionalcleaning,dentifriceSelf-appliedfluorideuseSelf-initiateduseofdentalservices
泰國(guó)一個(gè)小村莊口腔健康促進(jìn)實(shí)例
思考題健康促進(jìn)與健康教育的目的有什么不同?如何評(píng)價(jià)健康教育的效果?健康促進(jìn)的途徑有哪些?