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1、2.BasicIssuesofEvaluationSummarySeveralapproachescanbeusedtoevaluateprograms.Monitoringtrackskeyindica-torsofprogressoverthecourseofaprogramasabasisonwhichtoevaluateoutcomesoftheintervention.Operationalevaluationexamineshoweffectivelyprogramswereimplementedandwhethertherearegapsbetween
2、plannedandrealizedoutcomes.Impactevaluationstudieswhetherthechangesinwell-beingareindeedduetothepro-graminterventionandnottootherfactors.Theseevaluationapproachescanbeconductedusingquantitativemethods(thatis,surveydatacollectionorsimulations)beforeorafteraprogramisintroduced.Exanteeval
3、uationpredictsprogramimpactsusingdatabeforetheprogramintervention,whereasexpostevaluationexaminesoutcomesafterprogramshavebeenimplemented.Re?exivecomparisonsareatypeofexpostevaluation;theyexamineprogramimpactsthroughthedifferenceinparticipantoutcomesbeforeandafterprogramimplementa-tion
4、(oracrossparticipantsandnonparticipants).Subsequentchaptersinthishand-bookprovideseveralexamplesofthesecomparisons.ThemainchallengeacrossdifferenttypesofimpactevaluationistoTndagoodcounterfactual?namely,thesituationaparticipatingsubjectwouldhaveexperiencedhadheorshenotbeenexposedtothep
5、rogram.Variantsofimpactevaluationdis-cussedinthefollowingchaptersincluderandomizedevaluations,propensityscorematching,double-differencemethods,useofinstrumentalvariables,andregressiondiscontinuityandpipelineapproaches.Eachofthesemethodsinvolvesadifferentsetofassumptionsinaccountingforp
6、otentialselectionbiasinparticipationthatmightaffectconstructionofprogramtreatmenteffects.LearningObjectivesAftercompletingthischapter,thereaderwillbeabletodiscussandunderstand■Differentapproachestoprogramevaluation■Differencesbetweenquantitativeandqualitativeapproachestoevaluation,aswe
7、llasexanteversusexpostapproaches■Waysselectionbiasinparticipationcanconfoundthetreatmenteffect■Differentmethodologiesinimpactevaluation,includingrandomization,propen-sityscorematching,doubledifferences,instrumentalvariablemethods,andregressiondiscontinuityandpipelineapproaches7Handbo
