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1、孟德爾遺傳定律本章重點(diǎn)1.孟德爾分離規(guī)律、驗(yàn)證、應(yīng)用；2.二對(duì)相對(duì)性狀的遺傳；3.多對(duì)相對(duì)性狀的遺傳；4.孟德爾自由組合規(guī)律、驗(yàn)證、應(yīng)用；5.遺傳學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)處理第一節(jié)分離規(guī)律人類很早就從整體上認(rèn)識(shí)了遺傳現(xiàn)象:親子性狀相似?直觀上認(rèn)為子代所表現(xiàn)的性狀是父、母本性狀的混合遺傳,以后世代不再分離。Mendel’sExperimentsGregorJohannMendel(1822-84)Mendel,bornin1822,grewupinaruralareaofwhatisnowapartofCzechoslo
2、vakia.Becausehisfamilywaspoor,heenteredamonasteryinordertocontinuehiseducation.Mendelhadalifelonginterestinbiology,particularlyanimalbreeding,butbecausehissuperiorsdidnotthinkitappropriateforaclerictobreedanimals,heconcentratedinsteadonraisinggardenpeasand
3、otherplantsinthemonasterygarden.Mendel’sExperimentsTheresultsofhisworkwerepublishedinGermaninan1866paperentitled“experimentsinPlantHybridization.”Thepaperwasdistributedfairlywidelythroughlibraries,butMendel’scontemporariesdidnotunderstandhisfindings,probab
4、lypartlybecauseofthemathematicalexplanationsasteryin1868andpublishednothingfurtheronhereditybytherestofthescientificcommunityuntil1900,whenthreebotanists,CarlCorrensinGermany,HugodeVriesintheNetherlands,andErichvonTschermakinAustria,rediscoveredhisworkafte
5、reachhadapparentlyindependentlyreachedsimilarconclusions.孟德爾遺傳分析的方法嚴(yán)格選材 從豆科植物中選擇了自花授粉且是閉花授粉的豌豆作為雜交試驗(yàn)的材料。精心設(shè)計(jì) 采取單因子分析法。定量分析法首創(chuàng)了測(cè)交方法孟德爾試驗(yàn)的特點(diǎn)：(1).遺傳純合：以嚴(yán)格自花授粉植物豌豆為材料；(2).穩(wěn)定性狀：選擇簡(jiǎn)單而區(qū)分明顯的7對(duì)性狀進(jìn)行雜交試驗(yàn)研究；(3).相對(duì)性狀：采用各對(duì)性狀上相對(duì)不同的品種為親本；(4).雜交：進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的遺傳雜交試驗(yàn)；(5).統(tǒng)計(jì)分析：系統(tǒng)記載各世
6、代中不同性狀個(gè)體數(shù)，應(yīng)用統(tǒng)計(jì)方法處理數(shù)據(jù),獲得各種結(jié)果，否定了長(zhǎng)期流行的混合遺傳觀念。WhyMendelchosethepeaplant?Thegardenpeawaseasytocultivateandhadrelativelyshortlifecycle.Theplanthaddiscontinuouscharacteristicssuchasflowercolorandpeatexture.Inpartbecauseofitsanatomy,pollinationoftheplantcouldbeco
7、ntrolledeasily. Foreignpollencouldbekeptout,andcross-fertilizationcouldbeaccomplishedartificially.TheanatomyandlifecycleofthepeaplantArtificialcrossofawhite-flowered(maleparent)withaviolet-flowered(femaleparent)peaplant孟德爾認(rèn)為父母本性狀遺傳不是混合，而是相對(duì)獨(dú)立地傳給后代,后代還會(huì)分離出父
8、母本性狀。 提出:①.分離規(guī)律；②.獨(dú)立分配規(guī)律。1.1.1Concernedconcept性狀(trait):生物體所表現(xiàn)的形態(tài)特征和生理特性，并能從親代遺傳給子代?！? （１）單位性狀(unittrait)：個(gè)體表現(xiàn)的性狀總體區(qū)分為各個(gè)單位之后的性狀。例如：豌豆的花色、種子形狀、株高、子葉顏色、豆莢形狀及豆莢顏色(未成熟)。 （２）相對(duì)性狀(contrastingtrait):指同一單位性狀的相對(duì)差
