《初升高英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》由會(huì)員上傳分享,免費(fèi)在線閱讀,更多相關(guān)內(nèi)容在教育資源-天天文庫(kù)。
名詞一、名詞的分類:根據(jù)用法,名詞可以分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞兩類。1.可數(shù)名詞有單、復(fù)數(shù)形式的區(qū)別。需要掌握規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成。*以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞,或元音字母+y結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),直接加s變復(fù)數(shù):如:twoMarystheHenrysmonkey-一monkeysholiday——holidays比較:層樓:storey--storeysstory---stories*以。結(jié)尾的名詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí):a.力口s,如:photo■一photospiano——pianosradio—radioszoo——zoos;b.力Ues,如:potato—potatoestomato-tomatoes*以£或fe結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)常去f,fe加ves,如:half■一halvesknife-knivesleaf■一leaveswife-一wiveslife--livesthief-一thieves2.名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化1)child-一childrenfoot■--feettooth-teethmouse-miceman---menwoman——women注意:與man和woman構(gòu)成的合成詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是-men和-women。如:anEnglishman,twoEnglishmen.但German不是合成詞,故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans;Bowman是姓,其復(fù)數(shù)是theBowmanso2)單復(fù)數(shù)同形如:deer,sheep?fish,Chinese,Japaneseli,jin,yuan,twoli,threemu,fourjin但除人民幣元、角、分外,美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:adollar,twodollars;ameter,twometers3)以s結(jié)尾,仍為單數(shù)的名詞,如:a.maths,politics,physics等學(xué)科名詞,為不可數(shù)名詞,是單數(shù)。b.news是不可數(shù)名詞。c.theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。TheUnitedNationswasorganizedin1945.聯(lián)合國(guó)是1945年組建起來(lái)的。d.以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名,劇名,報(bào)紙,雜志名,也可視為單數(shù)。"TheArabianNights"isaveryinterestingstory-book.VV一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事書。4)表示山兩部分構(gòu)成的東西,如:glasses(眼鏡)trousers,clothes若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目,要借助數(shù)量詞pair(對(duì),雙);suil(套);apairofglasses;twopairsoftrousers5)另外還有一些名詞,即可做不可數(shù)名詞也可做可數(shù)名詞,但意思不相同。單詞可數(shù)名詞意思不可數(shù)名詞意思單詞可數(shù)名詞意思不可數(shù)名詞意思work作品,著作工作German德國(guó)人德語(yǔ)wood森林木頭life牛命生活,人生Chicken小雞雞肉Exercise練習(xí),體操運(yùn)動(dòng),鍛煉Paper報(bào)紙,試卷玳Orange橘r橙汁Room房間空間Glass玻璃杯玻璃Time次數(shù),倍數(shù)時(shí)間Japanese日本人日語(yǔ)Light燈光線fish魚(種類)魚肉6,)常以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)并使用的名詞:clothes,people,trousers,glasses,scissors,thanks,congratulations,wishes,police,stairs(樓梯),works(著作),woods(森林),times(時(shí)代)3.不可數(shù)名詞量的表示可以借助單位詞表一定的數(shù)量。如:
1aglassofwater一杯水a(chǎn)pieceofcake4,修飾可數(shù)名詞的詞有:many,few,afew,anumberof,數(shù)詞修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞有:much,little,alittle,agreatdealof即可修飾可數(shù)名詞也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞有:some(any),no,alotof二、定語(yǔ)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)(即名詞修飾名詞)名詞作定語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù),但也有以下例外。1)用復(fù)數(shù)作定語(yǔ)。如:sportsmeeting運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)studentsreading-room學(xué)生閱覽室2)man,woman,等作定語(yǔ)時(shí),其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。如:menworkerswomenteachers3)數(shù)詞+名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。如:two-dozeneggs兩打/(二十四個(gè)雞蛋)aten-milewalk十里路two-hundredtrees兩百棵樹afive-yearplan.一個(gè)五年計(jì)戈Usomebananatreestwobookstores三、名詞的格’1.有生命的人、物及其他名詞的所有格在詞尾加“'s",如theboy飛bag男孩的書包2.若名詞詞尾已有,只加,,如:Teachers5Daythetwins?parents,thestudents'books3.時(shí)間、距離、地域等名詞的所有格形式為today'snewspaper,tenminutes,walkthecity'sproblem4.在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時(shí),名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞,如:thebarber's理發(fā)店atmyaunt's(house)gotothedoctor,s.5.凡不能加%”的名詞,都可以用"名詞+of+名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系,$11:thetitleofthesong歌的名字thewindowofthehouse。6.如果兩個(gè)名詞并列,并且分別有二則表示“分別有”;只有一個(gè)'s,則表示‘共有如:John'sandMary'srooms(兩間)JohnandMary'sroom(一間)7.雙重所有格形式:anovelofMarkTwin'safriendofmyfather's/mine1.人稱代詞1.)人稱代詞的主格在句子中作主語(yǔ),例如:Johnwaitedawhilebuteventuallyhewenthome.約翰等了一會(huì)兒,最后他回家了。說(shuō)明:在復(fù)合句中,如果主句和從句主語(yǔ)相同,代詞主語(yǔ)要用在從句中,名詞主語(yǔ)用在主句中,例如:Whenhearrived,Johnwentstraighttothebank.2.)人稱代詞的賓格在句子中作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ),第一人稱在省略句中,還可以作主語(yǔ)。例如:Isawherwiththem。her做賓語(yǔ),them做介詞賓語(yǔ),a.-Whobrokethevase?-誰(shuí)打碎了花瓶?b.-Me.一我。(me=It'sme.)在正式文體中這里應(yīng)為I。賓格代替主格:a.在簡(jiǎn)短對(duì)話中,當(dāng)人稱代詞單獨(dú)使用或在not后,多用賓語(yǔ)。--IlikeEnglish.--我喜歡英語(yǔ)?!狹etoo.一我也喜歡。--Havemorewine?--再來(lái)點(diǎn)酒喝嗎?一Notme.--我可不要了。b.在表示比較的非正式的文體中,常用賓格代替主格。但如果比較狀語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)保留,則主語(yǔ)只能用主格。HeistallerthanI/me.HeistallerthanIam.3)動(dòng)物名詞的指代一般用it或they代替,有時(shí)也用he,she,帶有親切的感情色彩。Givethecatsomefood.Sheishungry.給這貓一些吃的。她餓了。
24)指代車或國(guó)家,船舶的名詞,含感情色彩時(shí)常用she。1)單數(shù)人稱代詞并列作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其順序?yàn)?you,he/sheandIYou,heandIshouldreturnontime.2)復(fù)數(shù)人稱代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其順序?yàn)椋簑e,youandthey*注意:在承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤,承擔(dān)責(zé)任時(shí),第一人稱放在前面ItwasIandJohnthatmadeherangry.是我和約翰惹她生氣了。*it的主要用法:可以表示天氣,時(shí)間,距離,形式主語(yǔ),形式賓語(yǔ),身份等.2.物主代詞(…人的):包括形容詞性的物主代詞和名詞性的物主代詞形容詞性的物主代詞+名詞;名詞性的物主代詞=形容詞性的物主代詞+名詞3.反身代詞:(1)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣,起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用,“…自己",“親自”,“本人”(2)用在一些動(dòng)詞后,表示主語(yǔ)既是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者,也是動(dòng)作的承受者.常見的這類動(dòng)詞有:teach,dress,help,lookafter,enjoy,hurt,wash4.不定代詞(1)none(of)指人或物回答howmany/much的問(wèn)題nobody,noone指人nothing指物(2)one指人或物,復(fù)數(shù)為ones,that指物(不可數(shù)名詞),it指代前面提到的物體Ihavegotanicewatch.Wouldyouliketobuyone?(awatch)Ihavegotanicewatch.Doyoulikeit?(thewatch)TheweatherhereisbetterthanthatinBeijing,(theweather)(3)三者或三者以上:all(全部,都)any(任何一個(gè))none(一個(gè)也沒(méi)有)兩者:both(全部,都)either(任意一個(gè))neither(一個(gè)也沒(méi)有)*NeitherofusisfromtheUSA.Noneofushave/haseverbeentherebefore.*not與both,all連用表示部分否定.⑷some用于肯定句中,也可用于表示請(qǐng)求、建議或希望得到肯定答復(fù)的疑問(wèn)句中any用于疑問(wèn)句、否定句中;還有“任何的”意思(5)another泛指另一個(gè)theother常與one連用,表示兩者中的另一個(gè)one...theother...others泛指別的,其他的theothers特指別的,其他的(有范圍限制)(the)others=(the)other+名詞else放在合成不定代詞或疑問(wèn)詞之后(6)every+名詞,只能做定語(yǔ),(三者或三者以上)each兩者或兩者以上的“每一”,可以單獨(dú)使用常見的短語(yǔ):eachofeachother(7)合成不定代詞的用法(略)*形容詞后置(8)many,few,afew+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)much,little,alittle+不可數(shù)名詞little作形容詞,小的alittle還可以修飾形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)
3數(shù)詞表示數(shù)目多少或順序多少的詞叫數(shù)詞,數(shù)詞分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞。表示數(shù)目多少的數(shù)詞叫基數(shù)詞;表示順序的數(shù)詞叫序數(shù)詞。一、基數(shù)詞1.基數(shù)詞寫法和讀法:345threehundredandforty-five;2.基數(shù)詞一般是單數(shù)形式,但下列情況,常用復(fù)數(shù):1.)與of短語(yǔ)連用,表示概數(shù),不能與具體數(shù)目連用,如hundredsof;2.)表示“兒十歲";inhisforties3.)表示“年代",用in+the+數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù);inthe1980s/1980's二、序數(shù)詞1.)序數(shù)詞的不規(guī)則變化及縮寫形式:first—1stsecond―2ndthird一3rdfifth一5thninthtwelfthtwentiethtwenty-first--一21st2.)序數(shù)詞前通常使用定冠詞the,但有時(shí)使用不定冠詞a,an,表示“又一,再一"Tryitagain,please.請(qǐng)?jiān)僭囈淮?。WhenIsatdownathirdmancamein.三、數(shù)詞的用法1.倍數(shù)表示法1.)主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+倍數(shù)(或分?jǐn)?shù))+as+adj.+asIhavethreetimesasmanyasyou.我有你三倍才K么多。2.)主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+倍數(shù)(分?jǐn)?shù))+thesize(amount,length...)of...Theearthis49timesthesizeofthemoon.地球是月球的49倍。3.)主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+倍數(shù)(分?jǐn)?shù))+形容詞(副詞)比較級(jí)+thaa..Thegrainoutputis8percenthigherthisyearthanthatoflastyear.今年比去年糧食產(chǎn)量增加8%e4.)還可以用by+倍數(shù),表示增加多少倍Theproductionofgrainhasbeenincreasedbyfourtimesthisyear.今年糧食產(chǎn)量增加了4倍。2.分?jǐn)?shù)表示法:基數(shù)詞代表分子,序數(shù)詞代表分母。分子大于1時(shí),分子的序數(shù)詞用單數(shù),分母序數(shù)詞用復(fù)數(shù):1/3---one-third;2/3一-twothirds.冠詞冠詞包括定冠詞(the)和不定冠詞(a,an)兩類。冠詞不能單獨(dú)使用,通常用在名詞前面,幫助說(shuō)明名詞的含義。一、不定冠詞a,an的用法:1.常放在可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式前面,表示“一”的概念,但數(shù)的概念沒(méi)有one強(qiáng)烈。Aninterestingstorybook;asmallboy;There'sakiteinthetree.2.放在可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式前,表示一類人或物。3.用在固定短語(yǔ)中。二、定冠詞the與指示代詞this,that同源,有“那(這)個(gè)”“這些,那些”的意思,但較弱,放在名詞前,表示某個(gè)或某些特定的人或東西。1.特指雙方都明白的人或物:Takethemedicine.把藥吃了。2.上文提到過(guò)的人或事:Heboughtahouse.I'vebeentothehouse.
41.指世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物:thesun,thesky,themoon,theearth2.與形容詞或分詞連用,表示一類人:therich富人;theliving生者3.用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí),及形容詞,only,very,same等前面:.Wheredoyoulive?Iliveonthesecondfloor.你住在哪?我住在二層。That'stheverythingI'vebeenlookingfor.那正是我要找的東西。Heistheonlypersonwhoknowsthesecret.他是唯一知道秘密的人。6.用在某些由普通名詞構(gòu)成的國(guó)家名稱、機(jī)關(guān)團(tuán)體、階級(jí)、等專有名詞前:thePeople'sRepublicofChina中華人民共和國(guó)theUnitedStates美國(guó)7.用在表示樂(lè)器的名詞之前Sheplaysthepiano.她會(huì)彈鋼琴。8.用在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞之前,表示一家人:theGreens格林一家人(或格林夫婦)9.用在慣用語(yǔ)中:intheday,inthemorning(afternoon,evening),thedayaftertomorrow,thedaybeforeyesterday,thenextmorning,inthesky(water,field?country),inthedark,intherain,inthedistance,inthemiddle(of),intheend,onthewhole,bytheway,gotothetheatre*在sun,moon,breakfast等之前有形容詞時(shí),可用a,anafullmoon三、不用冠詞的情況:1.國(guó)名,人名前通常不用冠詞:England,Mary;2.泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,表示一類人或事物時(shí),可不用定冠詞;Theyareteachers.他們是教師。3.抽象名詞表示一般概念時(shí),通常不加冠詞;Failureisthemotherofsuccess.失敗乃成功之母。4.物質(zhì)名詞表示一般概念時(shí),通常不加冠詞,當(dāng)表示特定的意思時(shí),需要加定冠詞;Mancannotlivewithoutwater.人離開水就無(wú)法生存。5.在季節(jié)、月份、節(jié)日、假日、日期、星期等表示時(shí)間的名詞之前,不加冠詞;WegotoschoolfromMondaytoFriday.我們從星期一到星期五都上課。6.在稱呼或表示官銜,職位的名詞前不加冠詞;TheguardstooktheAmericantoGeneralLee.士兵們把這個(gè)美國(guó)人送到李將軍那里。7.在三餐、球類運(yùn)動(dòng)和娛樂(lè)運(yùn)動(dòng)的名稱前,不加冠詞如:havebreakfast,playchess8.重疊運(yùn)用的名詞短語(yǔ)前常省去冠詞;fromhousetohouse,neckandneck,hourafterhour,onebyone9.在一些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中*注意以下一些短語(yǔ)的區(qū)別(有定冠詞時(shí),表示相關(guān)處所或地點(diǎn),沒(méi)有定冠詞時(shí),表示與相關(guān)處所有關(guān)的活動(dòng)或功能.)gotohospital去醫(yī)院看病——gotothehospital去醫(yī)院(并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)infrontofin/atthefrontofinhospitalinthehospitalattableatthetableinclassintheclassbyseabytheseagotoschoolgototheschoolanumberofthenumberof*兩個(gè)形容詞都有冠詞,表示兩個(gè)不同東西。Heraisesablackandawhitecat.他養(yǎng)了一^黑貓和一只白貓。Theblackandthewhitecatsarehers.這只黑貓和白貓都是他的。*如后一個(gè)形容詞無(wú)冠詞,則指一物。Heraisesablackandwhitecat.他養(yǎng)了一只花貓。
5四、冠詞的位置1、不定冠詞常位于名詞或名詞修飾語(yǔ)前。注意:1.)位于下列形容詞之后:such,what,many,half,Ihaveneverseensuchananimal.Manyamanisfitforthejob.2.).當(dāng)名詞前的形容詞被副詞as,so,too,how,however,enough修飾時(shí),不定冠詞應(yīng)放在形容詞之后:ItisaspleasantadayasIhaveeverspent.Soshortatime.Toolongaway.3.)quite,rather與單數(shù)名詞連用,冠詞放在其后。quiteanicepicture2、定冠詞位置定冠詞通常位于名詞或名詞修飾語(yǔ)前,但放在all,both,double,half,twice,threetimes等詞之后,名詞之前。Allthestudentsintheclasswentout.班里的所有學(xué)生都出去了。形容詞和副詞一、形容詞的用法:形容詞修飾名詞,說(shuō)明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。也可以放在聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞后面作表語(yǔ)。1.直接說(shuō)明事物的性質(zhì)或特征的形容詞是性質(zhì)形容詞,它有級(jí)的變化,可以用程度副詞修飾,在句中可作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。That'saheavybox.(定語(yǔ))He'sveryhappytocomehere.(表語(yǔ))Thegoodnewsmademeveryhappy.(賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))2.有些形容詞是表語(yǔ)形容詞。這類形容詞沒(méi)有級(jí)的變化,也不可用程度副詞修飾。例如:afraid害怕的alone單獨(dú),獨(dú)自asleep睡著的ill生病的。Heisanillman.(錯(cuò))Themanisill.(對(duì))Sheisanafraidgirl.(錯(cuò))Thegirlisafraid.(對(duì))這類形容詞還有:welL(身體)好的unwell(身體)不舒適的,alike相象的,alive活著的,awake醒著的等。3.形容詞作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞時(shí),要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾something,anything,nothing,somebody,nobody等不定代詞時(shí),要放在這些詞之后,例如:somethingnice1.)大部分形容詞加-ly可構(gòu)成副詞。但friendly友好的,lovely可愛的,lonely孤單的,lively熱鬧的,有生氣的,活潑的,等仍為形容詞。Shesanglovely.(錯(cuò))Hersingingwaslovely.(對(duì))Hespoketomeveryfriendly.(錯(cuò))Hespoketomeinaveryfriendlyway.■(對(duì))*politely,truly,terribly2)某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人,與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連接。如:thedead,theliving,therich,thepoor,theblind,thehungry如:Thepoorarelosinghope.3)有關(guān)國(guó)家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個(gè)民族的整體,與動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用。theBritish,theEnglish,theFrench,theChinese.TheEnglishhavewonderfulsenseofhumor.4.)多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí),其順序?yàn)椋合薅ㄔ~-數(shù)詞-描繪詞-(大小,長(zhǎng)短,形狀,新舊,顏色)-出處--材料性質(zhì),類別-名詞asmallroundtableadirtyoldbrownshirtatallgraybuildingafamousGermanmedicalschoolanexpensiveJapanesesportscar典型例題:1)Tonyisgoingcampingwithboys.A.littletwootherB.twolittleotherC.twootherlittleD.littleothertwo答案:Co由”限定詞-數(shù)詞-描繪詞-(大小,長(zhǎng)短,形狀,新舊,顏色)-性質(zhì)-名詞”的公式可知數(shù)詞,描繪詞,性質(zhì)依次順序,只有C符合答案。2)Onedaytheycrossedthebridgebehindthepalace.A.oldChinesestoneB.ChineseoldstoneC.oldstoneChineseD.Chinesestoneold
6答案A.幾個(gè)形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞,他們的排列順序是:年齡,形狀,大小+顏色+來(lái)源+質(zhì)地+用途+國(guó)家+名詞。3)----HowwasyourrecentvisittoQingdao?---Itwasgreat.Wevisitedsomefriends,andspentthedaysattheseaside.A.fewlastsunnyB.lastfewsunnyC.lastsunnyfewD.fewsunnylast答案:Bo本題考查多個(gè)形容詞的排序問(wèn)題。一般與被修飾形容詞關(guān)系密切的形容詞靠近名詞;如果幾個(gè)形容詞的重要性差不多,音節(jié)少的形容詞在前,音節(jié)多的放在后,在不能確定時(shí),可參照下表:限定詞+數(shù)量詞(序數(shù)詞在前,基數(shù)詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長(zhǎng)短、高低等形體+those+three+beautiful+large+square新舊+顏色+國(guó)籍+材料+名詞old+brown+wood+table副詞主要用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞,形容詞,副詞或其他結(jié)構(gòu)。二、副詞的用法:用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其它副詞,在句中做狀語(yǔ)。三、形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)大多數(shù)形容詞(性質(zhì)形容詞)和副詞有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化,即原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí),用來(lái)表示事物的等級(jí)差別。原級(jí)即形容詞和副詞的原形,比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。1、掌握比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化形式:1,)單音節(jié)形容詞及部分雙音節(jié)次加一er,est2.)部分雙音節(jié)詞及多音節(jié)詞前面加more,most或less,least構(gòu)成.3.)不規(guī)則變化形式:原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)good/wellbetterbestbad/badly/illworseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthestoldolder/elderoldest/eldest2.使用比較級(jí)時(shí)要注意的問(wèn)題:1)在比較級(jí)前可以使用下列一些單詞或短語(yǔ)加以修飾:much,alittle,even,far,abit,still,alot,等數(shù)詞+量詞也可以修飾比較級(jí)$ll:Heistwoyearsyoungerthan1.還可以用表示倍數(shù)的詞或度量名詞作修飾語(yǔ)。Thisroomistwiceasbigasthatone.2)要避免幣:復(fù)使用比較級(jí)(錯(cuò))Heismoreclevererthanhisbrother.(對(duì))Heismorecleverthanhisbrother.Heiscleverthanhisbrother.3)要避免將主語(yǔ)含在比較對(duì)象中。(Ih)ChinaislargerthatanycountryinAsia.(對(duì))ChinaislargerthananyothercountriesinAsia.5.)不含than的形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)前可以加不定冠詞a,ana/an+比較級(jí)+名詞Howfastheruns.Tveneverseenabetterrunner.比較級(jí)前加定冠訓(xùn)the表示特指。Tomisthetallerofthetwobrothers.6)than后面可以用主格,也可以用賓格。但有時(shí)也有區(qū)別。I'mtallerthanhe/him.Iliketheboythanher.1liketheboythanshe.3.比較級(jí)的常見句型:1.)比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)越來(lái)越2.)the+比較級(jí)…,the+比較級(jí)….越…,就越…3.)as...as和一樣;
7notas/so...as和不一樣;不如中間用形容詞或副詞的原級(jí)1.)like....betterthan...和相比更喜歡5.)寧可也不....Prefertodosthratherthandosth.Prefertodosth.Preferdoingsthtodoingsth.6.)moreBthanA與其說(shuō)A,不如說(shuō)BlessAthanBHeismorelazythanslowathiswork.=Heislessslowthanlazyathiswork.7.)nomore...than...與一樣不比多TheofficialscouldseenomorethantheEmperor.noless...than...與一樣Heisnolessdiligentthanyou.8.)morethan不只是,非常Sheismorethankindtousall.4.使用最高級(jí)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題:1.)形容詞最高級(jí)前通常必須用定冠詞the,副詞最高級(jí)前可不用。形容詞most前面沒(méi)有the,不表示最高級(jí)的含義,只表示“非?!?。Itisamostimportantproblem.=Itisaveryimportantproblem.使用最高級(jí)要注意將主語(yǔ)包括在比較范圍內(nèi)。2.)最局級(jí)后面的介詞in與of的區(qū)別4)倍數(shù)+as+形容詞+as+比較對(duì)象Thisbridgeisthreetimesaslongasthatone.Yourroomistwiceaslargeasmine.=Yourroomistwicethesizeofmine.介詞介詞不能單獨(dú)使用,必須和名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ),在句中做表語(yǔ),定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等成分。根據(jù)介詞的用法,通??梢苑譃椋簳r(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、趨向和其他四類介詞。一、表示時(shí)間的介詞:(1)at示時(shí)刻、時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn)atsix,atnoon,athalfpastone,atthattime/momenton體的某一天onSunday,onFridayafternoon,onacoldmorning,onthemorningof...onMarch12由,2005in示周、月、季節(jié)、年以及泛指的上、下午,晚上inspring,in2004,inthemorning,*在his,lastythat,next,every等詞前面不用介詞thisafternoon,lastSunday,everymorning區(qū)別:nextweekthenextweek(2)by"在……前”多和完成時(shí)態(tài)連用till”直到才"rilwaitheretillyoucomeback.until”不到就不”常和until連用I'llnotleaveuntilyoucomeback.(3)in過(guò)以后,大多用于將來(lái)時(shí)after多用于過(guò)去時(shí)(4)since+過(guò)去的一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)(表示時(shí)間段,從開始到現(xiàn)在)for+一段時(shí)間二、表示場(chǎng)所、方向的介詞:(1)at表示比較具體的地點(diǎn)at37RenmingRoadin表示比較寬敞的地點(diǎn)inRenmingStreeton兩物體有接觸(3)between...and.和之間(4)across(從物體表面)跨越,越過(guò)(5)in在里面(表示靜止的位置)(2)above斜上方below斜下方over正上方under正下方among在中間(三者以上)through(從物體中間)穿透,穿越into進(jìn)入,表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向,常用在表示動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞之后,
8如go,come,walk,jump,run等into的反義詞是outof(6)to到(H底地)或方向towards指朝著某方向,而不是目的地.Hewalkedtowardsthebeach.三、其它介詞1.with(1)在一起;(2)有;(3)用某種工具in用什么材料或語(yǔ)言,或表示衣著,聲調(diào)特點(diǎn)等by用手段2.Like象一樣as作為;按照,象一樣(連詞)+句子3.for(1)為了(表示目的或原因)(2)(后面加一段時(shí)間)表示時(shí)間段動(dòng)詞一、動(dòng)詞的分類:根據(jù)其在句中的功能,動(dòng)詞可分為四類,分別是:實(shí)義動(dòng)詞(行為動(dòng)詞)、連系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。1.實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有完整的詞義,能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ).根據(jù)用法,可分為及物動(dòng)詞(VI.后面直接跟名詞或代詞作賓語(yǔ))和不及物動(dòng)詞(vi不能直接跟名詞或代詞,加賓語(yǔ)時(shí)必須加介詞)。同一動(dòng)詞有時(shí)可用作及物動(dòng)詞,有時(shí)可用作不及物動(dòng)詞。例如:Shecandanceandsing.她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物動(dòng)詞。)ShecansingmanyEnglishsongs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物動(dòng)詞。)但也有一些動(dòng)詞只能用做及物動(dòng)詞,如:visit,ask,win,tell,answer,feel,serve,marry,discuss,beat,reach,kill,drop等.而下列一些動(dòng)詞通常情況下只能用做不及物動(dòng)詞:1?叩ly(to),return(to),point(to,at),knock(at,on,into),wait(for),listen(to),arrive(at,to),fall(down,off),look(at,after...)2.連系動(dòng)詞(LinkVerb)它本身有詞義,但不能單獨(dú)用作謂語(yǔ),后邊必須跟表語(yǔ),構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況。常見的連系動(dòng)詞有:be,feel,become,look,smell,seem,taste,sound,keep,其它一些可以和形容詞連用的動(dòng)詞也屬于連系動(dòng)詞:fallill/asleep,growworse,turnred,getlost,keephealthy等3.助動(dòng)詞:本身沒(méi)有詞義,不能單獨(dú)作句子的謂語(yǔ),只能與主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ).主要幫助句子構(gòu)成否定、疑問(wèn)以及動(dòng)詞的不同時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)等語(yǔ)法特征。常見的助動(dòng)詞有:be,do(does,did),have/has,had,will,would等。4.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞:本身有一定的詞義,單不能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ),后面必須跟其它動(dòng)詞的原形,表示說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣和態(tài)度;常見的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有:can(could),may(might),must,need等。(1)can*能,會(huì)(表示能力);*請(qǐng)求許可can,tbe不可能could:can的過(guò)去式,但有時(shí)表示委婉的語(yǔ)氣。(2)may*可能(可能性);*可以(請(qǐng)求許可,相當(dāng)于can);*表示祝愿Mayyoubehappy!Mayyousucceed!might*may的過(guò)去式;*表示可能性(但可能性比may小)(3)must必須,應(yīng)該mustn't禁止mustbe肯定,一定(4)need需要(一般用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句,肯定句中一般用做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)needn^(=don'thaveto)沒(méi)必要二、動(dòng)詞有五種形態(tài),分別是:原形(OriginalForm)、第三人稱單數(shù)形式(SingularFrominThirdPersonal)>過(guò)去式(PasiForm)、過(guò)去分詞(PasiParticiple)、現(xiàn)在分詞(PresentParticiple)。三、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài):時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)動(dòng)詞原形(第三人稱單數(shù))一般過(guò)去時(shí)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/are+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were+動(dòng)詞的一般將來(lái)時(shí)will+動(dòng)詞原形am/is/aregoingto+動(dòng)詞原形過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)would+動(dòng)詞原形was/weregoinglo+動(dòng)詞原形現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has+過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去完成時(shí)had+過(guò)去分詞
9*各種時(shí)態(tài)的用法省略*go,come,arrive,leave,move,die等動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)可以表示對(duì)應(yīng)的將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。*表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常發(fā)生而現(xiàn)在不再做的事情用usedtodo四、動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1.用法:動(dòng)作的承受者作句子的主語(yǔ)。2.基本結(jié)構(gòu):be+過(guò)去分詞掌握下列一些常見結(jié)構(gòu):1.)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài):am/is/are+過(guò)去分詞2.)般過(guò)去時(shí):was/were+過(guò)去分詞3.)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):have/hasbeen+過(guò)去分詞4.)一般將來(lái)時(shí):willbe+過(guò)去分詞或者begoingtobe+過(guò)去分詞3.含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu):情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過(guò)去分詞4.動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu):to+be+過(guò)去分詞Therearetwentymoretreestobeplanted.5.下列動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。miss(丟失),sellwell(銷路好),need/wantdoingMybikeismissing.Thiskindoffoodsellswell.Yourcoatneedswatering.6.happen,takeplace發(fā)生,last(持續(xù)),cost,hold(容納),have,like,feel,sound(聽起來(lái))等動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)形式。Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinourschool.Thewatercanlastthreedays.Silkfeelssoftandsmooth.Thecakelooksnice.Anaccidenthappenedtohim.五、動(dòng)詞不定式:山to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成,沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化,有時(shí)to可以省略。在句中除了不能做謂語(yǔ)外,能夠作其他一切成分。還能擁有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ),構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)。1、動(dòng)詞不定式的句法功能:*做主語(yǔ)。常用It+be+形容詞+(of/for§b.)+todosth.結(jié)構(gòu)。of:good,bad,polite,kind,nice,clever,right,careful等f(wàn)or:important,necessary,difficult,possible,dangerous等*做表語(yǔ)。常用在等連系動(dòng)詞后面,若主語(yǔ)很長(zhǎng)而表語(yǔ)很短,可以將兩者顛倒過(guò)來(lái)。Hisjobistosellthecomputers.Heseemstobeinterestedinthedetectivestories.*做狀語(yǔ)。表目的:Shewasheretovisitherdaughter.表原因:I'msorrytotroubleyou.衣結(jié)果:Theboxistooheavytocarry.表示程度:Thisroomisbigenoughtohold200people.*做定語(yǔ)。放在被修飾的名詞或代詞之后,若它與所修飾的名詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,這個(gè)不定式應(yīng)為及物的。如:Iwasthefirsttocome.Ihavenopenstowritewith.(動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)*做賓語(yǔ)。常見的動(dòng)詞有:want,agree,choose,try,decide,hope,wish,learn,fail,wouldliketodosth.*做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。1.)必須使用to的動(dòng)詞有:ask,tell,order,take,invite,want,wish,follow,waitfor,teach,wouldlike,allowsb.todosth.2.)不能使用to的動(dòng)詞有:have,make,let;see,watch,hear,noticesb.dosth注意:在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,to要省略;而在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,to必須加上3.)可以使用to,也可以不用的動(dòng)詞:help*疑問(wèn)詞(除why外)+動(dòng)詞不定式(what,when,how,where,which+todosth.)2.下列一些動(dòng)詞后面只能跟動(dòng)名詞(動(dòng)詞的-ing形式)作賓語(yǔ):enjoy,finish,mind,excuse,practice,keep,miss,spend,can'lhelpbebusy,beworth,keepon,carryon
102.下列些動(dòng)詞后面可以跟動(dòng)詞不定式也可以跟動(dòng)名詞。1.)意義相同或相近的有:begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,plan2.)意思不同的有:forget,remember,stop,see,hear,goon3.注意:hadbetter(not)dosth,wouldrather(not)dosth4.動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式直接在不定式前面加to主謂一致一、就近原則:eitherorneithernornotonlybutalsoThere/Herebe+并列主語(yǔ).二、意義一致原則:1.集體名詞(class,family等)做主語(yǔ)時(shí),可根據(jù)意義判斷。Hisfamilyhasmovedintoanewhouse.Hisfamilywerehavingsupperthen.主語(yǔ)是數(shù)目、時(shí)間、金錢、距離時(shí),動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。2.主語(yǔ)+aswellas/with/togetherwith/like/but/except+動(dòng)詞單數(shù)。EveryoneexceptthetwinshasbeentotheGreatWall.Lilywithherfriendsisgoingtothezootomorrow.3.卜列一些不定代詞做主語(yǔ),動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。each,either,neither,something,anything,somebody,anybody等。4.The+形容詞/過(guò)去分詞+動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)Thewoundedwerelookedafterwellinthehospital.Theweak,likethestrong,havemanyfriendsintheworld.5.glasses,trousers,shoes,scissors等單獨(dú)做主語(yǔ)時(shí),動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),但當(dāng)它們與apairof連用時(shí),動(dòng)詞與pair的數(shù)保持一致。Thepairofglassesfitsyouwell.句子(一)根據(jù)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句一、簡(jiǎn)單句:只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)(或并列主語(yǔ))和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)(或并列謂語(yǔ))。根據(jù)句子的結(jié)構(gòu),又可分為五種:1、S+V.主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞。2、S+V+O.主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)。3、S+V+P.主語(yǔ)+連系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)。4、S+V+IO+DO.主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)。可以轉(zhuǎn)換成:主語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)+for或to+間接賓語(yǔ)。常見的這類動(dòng)詞有:buy,bring,make,choose,getsth.forsb.teach,give,pass,hand(傳遞),show,offer,sell,lend,take,sendsthtosb.5、S+V+O+C.主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。二、并列句:常由or,but,and,sofor等詞將兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句連接,表示轉(zhuǎn)折,遞進(jìn)等關(guān)系。三、復(fù)合句:包括賓語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句等。1、賓語(yǔ)從句掌握以下內(nèi)容:*引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞;*掌握賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序;*掌握賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)一致2、狀語(yǔ)從句(1)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有:when,while,before,after,until(till),since,assoonas等。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。注意下列幾個(gè)詞的區(qū)別:when:*當(dāng)……的時(shí)候指一點(diǎn)時(shí)間,表示短暫性動(dòng)作*指一段時(shí)間,表示持續(xù)性的動(dòng)作
11*什么時(shí)候引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句while:*表示持續(xù)性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)*具有對(duì)比的含義,意為“然而”as:表示從句的動(dòng)作與主句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,一般與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用.“一邊…一邊…”隨著..Aswewalked,wetalked.Astimewentby,wekneweachotherbetterandbetter.(2)原因狀語(yǔ)從句because(因?yàn)?,since(既然),as(由于),for(因?yàn)?(3)條件狀語(yǔ)從句if(如果)unless(除非)在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí).(4)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句so+形容詞/副詞+that+句子such+名詞+that...*such+a(an)+形容詞+名詞=so+形容詞+a(an)+名詞(5)目的狀語(yǔ)從句sothat,inorderthat,(inordertodosth.soastodosth)(6)比較狀語(yǔ)從句as...as...than,notas/so...as...(7)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句though,although,eventhough...3、定語(yǔ)從句:修飾名詞或代詞的從句,放在名詞或代詞的后面.通常:名詞(人)+who/whom/that+句子名詞(物)+which/that+句子(1)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),必須用which指物,不用that.Ihavelostmybag,whichIlikeverymuch.(2)關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式和先行詞保持一致.Doyouknowthemanwhoisstandingagainstthedoor?(3)下列幾種情況只能用that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句:*先行詞是不定代詞all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything等,如:Allthatwehavetodoistopractisemore.ThereisnothingthatIcandoforyou.*先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí),如:ThefirstletterthatIgotfromhimiskeptwell.*先行詞被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some等修飾時(shí),如:Ihaveeatenupallthefoodthatyougaveme.(4)山when,where,why引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句Idon'tknowthereasonwhyhewaslate.ThisistheplacewhereIhavelivedforfiveyears,rilneverforgetthedaywhenImetMr.Liforthefirsttime.先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)時(shí),如果從句的動(dòng)詞是及物的,就用that(which),如果動(dòng)詞不及物,就用where引導(dǎo).Thisisthehousethathehaslivedinforfiveyears.Thisisthehousewherehehaslivedforfiveyears.句子(二)根據(jù)句子的功能,可以把句子分為四類:陳述句(肯定句和否定句);疑問(wèn)句(一般疑問(wèn)句,特殊疑問(wèn)句,選擇疑問(wèn)句,反意疑問(wèn)句);祈使句和感嘆句。一、陳述句:1、肯定句2、否定句:(1)加not構(gòu)成的否定句(2)由no,hardly,never,nobody,nothing,little,few等構(gòu)成的否定句兩者的全部否定用neither或nor,部分否定用both+not;三者或三者以上的全部否定用none,nothing,nobody,noone等,部分否定用all,many,every加not構(gòu)成。(3)否定前置,常見的動(dòng)詞有:think,believe,suppose二、疑問(wèn)句1.-一般疑問(wèn)句:用yes或no回答
122.特殊疑問(wèn)句:用疑問(wèn)詞(what,who,whom,whose,which,where,when,how,why以及它們構(gòu)成的一些短語(yǔ))提問(wèn)的句子。3.選擇疑問(wèn)句:一般疑問(wèn)句+or+選擇對(duì)象不能用yes或no回答4.反意疑問(wèn)句:陳述句+簡(jiǎn)略的一般疑問(wèn)句。陳述句部分和疑問(wèn)句部分的肯定、否定形式相反。注意以下一些內(nèi)容:(1)簡(jiǎn)略問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)和陳述部分保持一致,只能用人稱代詞(there除外),簡(jiǎn)略問(wèn)句的動(dòng)詞也和陳述部分保持一致,如果是否定,要用縮寫形式。如:Jinisn'tastudent,ishe?Therearesomebooksinit,aren'tthere?(2)陳述部分是Fm…結(jié)構(gòu),疑問(wèn)部分一般用aren'tyou,如:Emlate,aren'tI?(3)陳述部分有l(wèi)ittle,few,no,never,nothing,hardly,nobody等詞表示否定時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分用肯定。(4)祈使句的反意疑問(wèn)句:祈使句,willyou?Lefs...,shallwe?(5)賓語(yǔ)從句的反意疑問(wèn)句常和主句保持?致,但如果主句是Ithink/believe/suppose時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)和從句保持一致。Idon'tthinkheknowsit,doeshe?三、祈使句:表示命令、請(qǐng)求或建議??隙ㄐ问接脛?dòng)詞原形.否定形式用“Don、/Never+動(dòng)詞原形四、感嘆句:常由what或how開頭What+形容詞+名詞+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞.Whatanicehouseitis!Whatfineweather!How+形容詞+主語(yǔ)+連系動(dòng)詞。Howhappytheylook!Howinterestingthestoryis!How+副詞+主語(yǔ)+實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。Howhappytheyarelaughing!How+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞HowIwishIcouldhearBeethovenhimselfplayit!英語(yǔ)總結(jié)(一)八種時(shí)態(tài)一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):概念:經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為及現(xiàn)在的某種狀況。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):always,usually,often,sometimes,everyweek(day,year,month...),onceaweek,onSundays,etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu):①be動(dòng)詞:②行為動(dòng)詞否定形式:①am/is/are+not;②此時(shí)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞若為行為動(dòng)詞,則在其前加dont,如主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù),則用doesn't,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。一般疑問(wèn)句:①把be動(dòng)詞放于句首;②用助動(dòng)詞do提問(wèn),如主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù),則用does,同時(shí),還原行為動(dòng)詞。二、一般過(guò)去時(shí):概念:過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài);過(guò)去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作、行為。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):ago,yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,lastweek(year,night,month...),in1989,justnow,attheageof5,oneday,longlongago,onceuponatime,etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu):①be動(dòng)詞;②行為動(dòng)詞否定形式:①was/were+not;②在行為動(dòng)詞前加didn't,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。一般疑問(wèn)句:①was或were放于句首;②用助動(dòng)詞d。的過(guò)去式did提問(wèn),同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。三、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):概念:表示現(xiàn)階段或說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作及行為。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):now,atthistime,thesedays,etc.
13基本結(jié)構(gòu):am/is/are+doing否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing.一般疑問(wèn)句:把be動(dòng)詞放于句首。四、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí):概念:表示過(guò)去某段時(shí)間或某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的行為或動(dòng)作。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):atthistimeyesterday,atthattime或以when引導(dǎo)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是,般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)箋o基本結(jié)構(gòu):was/were+doing否定形式:was/were+not+doing.一般疑問(wèn)句:把was或were放于句首。五、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):概念:過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,或從過(guò)去已經(jīng)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):recently,lately,since...for...,inthepastfewyears,etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu):have/has+done否定形式:have/has+not+done.一般疑問(wèn)句:have或has。六、過(guò)去完成時(shí):概念:以過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在此以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為,或在過(guò)去某動(dòng)作之前完成的行為,即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):before,bytheendoflastyear(term,month...),etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu):had+done.否定形式:had+not+done.一般疑問(wèn)句:had放于句首。七、一般將來(lái)時(shí):概念:表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計(jì)劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):tomorrow,nextday(week,month,year...),soon,inafewminutes,by...,thedayaftertomorrow,etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu):?am/is/are/goingto+do;(2)will/shall+do.否定形式:①was/were+not;②在行為動(dòng)詞前加didnt,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。一般疑問(wèn)句:①be放于句首;②will/shall提到句首。八、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí):概念:立足于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻,從過(guò)去看將來(lái),常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):ihenextday(morning,year...),thefollowingmonth(week...),etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu):①was/were/goingto+do;②would/should+do.否定形式:?was/were/not+goingto+do;②would/should+not+do.一般疑問(wèn)句:①was或were放于句首;②would/should提到句首。II.幾種常見時(shí)態(tài)的相互轉(zhuǎn)換英語(yǔ)中的幾種時(shí)態(tài)在一定情況下可以互相轉(zhuǎn)換,以下是幾種常見的轉(zhuǎn)換形式:一、一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)換在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中,延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞能與表示i段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用,瞬間動(dòng)詞卻不能。但是,可用別的表達(dá)方式:①瞬間動(dòng)詞用于"一段時(shí)間+ago”的一般過(guò)去時(shí)的句型中;②瞬間動(dòng)詞可改成與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞及短語(yǔ),與一段時(shí)間連用;③瞬間動(dòng)詞用于“Ilis+一段時(shí)間+since+一般過(guò)去時(shí)”的句型中,表示"自從……以來(lái)有……時(shí)間”的意思,主句一般用itis來(lái)代替Ithasbeen;④瞬間動(dòng)詞用于"Sometimehaspassedsince+一般過(guò)去時(shí)”的句型中。請(qǐng)看:A.HejoinedtheLeaguetwoyearsago.B.HehasbeenintheLeaguefortwoyears.
14A.ItistwoyearssincehejoinedtheLeague.B.TwoyearshaspassedsincehejoinedtheLeague.二、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)換在-一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)中,at加上名詞表示"處于某種狀態(tài)",如atwork(在工作),atschool(上學(xué)、上課)等。此短語(yǔ)可與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換。請(qǐng)看:Peterisatwork,butMikeisatplay.Peterisworking,butMikeisplaying.三、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般將來(lái)時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)換在現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中g(shù)o,come,leave,start,arrive等動(dòng)詞常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。in:Iamcoming,Mum!意為"我就來(lái),媽媽!”請(qǐng)看:Thetrainisleavingsoon.Thetrainwillleavesoon.四、"begoingto+動(dòng)詞原形"與“will(shaH)+動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換"begoingto+動(dòng)詞原形”、表示打算、計(jì)劃要做的事;將來(lái)時(shí)"will(shaH)+動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)在書面語(yǔ)中,當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為第一人稱時(shí),常用助動(dòng)詞shall。在口語(yǔ)中,所有人稱都可以用will。請(qǐng)看:WearegoingtovisittheGreatWallnextSunday.WeshallvisittheGreatWallnextSunday.時(shí)態(tài)對(duì)比一、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別:A.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表某一行為的“片斷”,一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示行為的“整體”和存在的狀態(tài)。例如:Iwasreadingthebookatthattime.(未讀完,“讀”的片段);Ireadthebookyesterday.(已讀完,表整個(gè)“讀B.一般持續(xù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)多與進(jìn)行時(shí)連用。例如:Hewaswrilingaletterthewholeaflemoon.(短暫動(dòng)詞與持續(xù)時(shí)間連用,表反復(fù)、連續(xù)發(fā)生,不可用一般過(guò)去時(shí))。C.while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,用短暫動(dòng)詞時(shí)只能用進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如:Hebrokeachairwhilehewasjumpingupanddown.二、英語(yǔ)中有四類動(dòng)詞一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí)(不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí))。A.表心理狀態(tài)、情感的動(dòng)詞:love、hate、like、care>respect、please>prefer、know等。若用進(jìn)行時(shí)則詞意改變。例如:I'mforgettingit.(=beginningtoforget)。B.表存在、狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,如:appear>exist、lie、remain>standseem等。C.表感覺的動(dòng)詞seeahear>feel>smelRsound>tasteD.表一時(shí)性的動(dòng)詞accept、allow、admit>decide、end、refuse、promise等。[示例]考題1Asshethenewspaper,Grannyasleep.A.read/wasfallingB.wasreading/fellC.Wasreading/wasfallingD,read/fell.分析:時(shí)間從句的動(dòng)作長(zhǎng),而“入睡”動(dòng)作短,故前者用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),而較短動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí),選B。考題2Tomintothehousewhennoone.A.slipped/waslookingB.Hadslipped/lookedC.slipped/hadlookedD.wasslipping/looked.分析:此題先要理解好when,表“此時(shí)”,說(shuō)明主句中slipped是較短行為,而look是較長(zhǎng)行為的片斷,即湯姆溜進(jìn)房子,此時(shí)沒(méi)人瞧見,故選A為正確。
15三、一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別。一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則強(qiáng)調(diào)到目前為止動(dòng)作的完成和結(jié)果,與現(xiàn)在的情況有聯(lián)系,對(duì)現(xiàn)在也有影響。需要特別注意的是:A.剛做過(guò)的事,用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài),當(dāng)說(shuō)明或者詢問(wèn)做事的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)時(shí),要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如hehaswatchedthefootballmatch.ShewatcheditlastSaturday.她看了那場(chǎng)足球賽,她是上周六看的。B.have/hasbeentoaplace.表示某人曾經(jīng)去過(guò)或者到過(guò)某地。have/hasgonetoaplace表示某人說(shuō)話時(shí)已經(jīng)離開此地,或在去某地的路途中或者已經(jīng)到了某地。例如:FrankhasgonetoTibet.弗蘭克已經(jīng)去西藏了。FrankhasbeentoTibettwice.弗蘭克已經(jīng)去過(guò)西藏2次了。經(jīng)典考題:---IsthatJackspeaking??一Sorry,heisn'tinrightnow.Hethecinemawithhisaunt.A.hasbeentoB.hasgonetoC.havebeentoD.havegoneto(顯然Jack不在現(xiàn)場(chǎng),答案選B)四、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)的區(qū)別:過(guò)去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)兩者的用法基本相同,但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)以現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間為基點(diǎn),而過(guò)去完成時(shí)則以過(guò)去的時(shí)間為基點(diǎn),與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān),是過(guò)去的過(guò)去。Ihavefinishedmyhomework.(表示說(shuō)話時(shí)作業(yè)已經(jīng)做完了)Byfouro'clock,Ihadfinishedmyhomework.初步掌握延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和瞬間動(dòng)i司在語(yǔ)法上的區(qū)別:如ie,arrive,come,go,join,leave,buy,begin,get,start,become,borrow等均為瞬間動(dòng)詞,在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。Hehasjoinedthearmy.他參軍了0Hehasbeeninthearmyforayear.他參軍已經(jīng)一年了。(換成可以延續(xù)的動(dòng)詞)Hejoinedthearmyayearago.(用過(guò)去時(shí))經(jīng)典考題:LinLinhascome.Hehereforhalfanhour.A.hasbeentoB.hasgonetoC.hasgoneD.hasbeen(把come轉(zhuǎn)化成behere,答案選D)五、三種一般將來(lái)時(shí)的區(qū)別l.will+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成的將來(lái)時(shí)表示主觀意愿,未經(jīng)事先精心計(jì)劃或打算.可用于各種人稱.Egl.Thereissomeoneatthedoor.Iwillgoandopenit.Eg2.Whowillgoandhelpthatpooroldman?2.begoingto+動(dòng)詞原形強(qiáng)調(diào)計(jì)劃,安排要發(fā)生的事或有跡象要發(fā)生的事.Egl.Heisgoingtobuyanewcarnextweek.Eg2.Lookatthedarkclouds,Ithinkitisgoingtorainsoon.3.shall+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成的將來(lái)時(shí)主語(yǔ)通常是I或we并且在肯定句中常被will+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成的將來(lái)時(shí)代替,但在疑問(wèn)句中ShallI...../Shallwe.….?常用來(lái)征求對(duì)方意見.EgI.ShallI/wegoingfishingtomorrow?Eg2.Whenshallwemeet?4.用于條件句時(shí),begoingto表將來(lái);will表意愿Ifyouaregoingtomakeajourney,you'dbettergetreadyforitassoonaspossible.Nowifyouwilltakeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.(二)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)分主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者;而在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的承受著。例如:Jackremoveshiscomputerfromthedesk.Jack把電腦從書桌上移開。(Jack是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者)
16HiscomputerisremovedfromthedeskbyJack.電腦被Jack從書桌上移開。(電腦是動(dòng)作的承受者)(1)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成:助動(dòng)詞be+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞時(shí)態(tài)形式一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)Is/are/amdone一般過(guò)去時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)was/weredonewillbedone現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/hasbeendone(2)由主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的方法:1.將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)變成主語(yǔ);2.將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)形式(be+過(guò)去分詞),時(shí)態(tài)要和原來(lái)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)保持一致;3.若主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)需要保留,可以用介詞by引導(dǎo)放在動(dòng)詞的后面,將主語(yǔ)改為賓語(yǔ)。(列:Jackfinishesthehomework.OThehomeworkisfinishedbyJack.練習(xí):一、請(qǐng)把下列句子改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。1、PeoplespeakEnglishallovertheworld.allovertheworld.2、Thenaughtboybrokethewindow.Thewindow.3、Theywillbuildatallbuildinginthetownnextyear.Atallbuildingnextyear.4、Theworkerswon'tfinishtheworkuntilteno'clock.Theworkuntilteno,clock.5、Dothestudentswatertheflowerseveryday?thestudentseveryday?二、選擇正確選項(xiàng)。1.DoyouknowriceinSouthChina?A.isgrewB.growsC.isgrownD.isgrowing2.Sorry,yourgoodideastotheprincipal.A.didn'tsendB.wasn,tsentC.weren*tsentD.havesent3.AllofthemtotakepartintheSchoolArtFestival.A.inviteB.invitedC.areinviteD.areasked4.Miceneverafterthehouse.A.was,seen,wascleanedB.were,seen,cleanedC.were,seen,wascleanedD.was,seen,cleaned5.Isthelibraryoftencleanedby?A.sheB.herC.heD.his三、完成句子。1、這些書包是用英語(yǔ)寫的。Thesebooksandnewspapers.2、我們將會(huì)在中國(guó)大酒店吃晚飯。SupperinChinaHotel.
173、那把鎖匙是用鋼制成的,它是用來(lái)鎖課室門的。Thatkeymetal,ittheclassroomdoor.4、老師常常讓我們?cè)谡n堂上講英語(yǔ)。Weinclass.(三)動(dòng)詞不定式不定式的構(gòu)成:(1)肯定式:“to+動(dòng)詞原形”(2)否定式:"notto+動(dòng)詞原形"或"neverto+動(dòng)詞原形”不定式的基本用法:(1)做主語(yǔ):Itisinterestingtogoboating.劃船很好玩。(it是形式主語(yǔ),togoboating才是真正主語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞不定式作真實(shí)主語(yǔ)時(shí),常放在后面。(2)作賓語(yǔ):Ihopetohaveaholidayonanisland.我希望在島上度假。(3)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的第二部分):IaskedhimtoshowmehisnewMP3.我叫他給我看看他的MP3.(4)作表語(yǔ):Toseeistobelieve.眼見為實(shí)。(5)作定語(yǔ):Ihavealotofthingstodo.我有很多事情做。(6)作狀語(yǔ):Hecametoseemeyesterday.他昨天來(lái)看我了。注意:有些動(dòng)詞后要跟不定式,如:agree,arrange(,forget,refuse,decide,hope,plan有些動(dòng)詞后面的不定式不帶to?如使役動(dòng)詞和感官動(dòng)詞make,let,have,hear,see,notice,feel,watch等0help后面的動(dòng)詞可以帶to,也可以不帶t。。練習(xí):L學(xué)好英語(yǔ)很重要。ItisimportantEnglishwell.2.他是最后一個(gè)離開的。Heisthelast.3.一些學(xué)生沒(méi)有通過(guò)考試。Somestudentsfailedthetest.4.他決定和我們?nèi)ツ莾?。Hedecidedtherewithus.(四)動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞的基本用法:(1)做主語(yǔ):Playingfoolballismyfavourite叩ort.踢足球是我最喜愛的運(yùn)動(dòng)。(2)作賓語(yǔ):Sheisinterestedindancing.她對(duì)跳舞感興趣。(3)作表語(yǔ):Myfavouritesportisswimming.我最喜愛的運(yùn)動(dòng)是游泳。(4)作定語(yǔ):Heisinthereadingroom.他在閱覽室。注意:有些動(dòng)詞后要跟動(dòng)名詞,如:enjoy,finish,like,suggest,deny(否認(rèn)),keep等。練習(xí):1.看電視太多對(duì)你的健康有害。toomuchisbadforyourhealth.2.我的工作是教英語(yǔ)。MyworkisEnglish.3.這是一根拐杖。Thisisastick.4.我很愿意和你們一起工作。Ienjoywithyou.(五)形容詞形容詞的用法:形容詞用于修飾、說(shuō)明名詞或不定代詞,表示人或動(dòng)物的性質(zhì)、特征和狀態(tài)。eg:l.Thisisabigroom.4.1haveagentlecat.3.Hehassomethingimportanttotellyou.4.Themountainis4000metreshigh.5.Theoldmanlookshappy.注意:形容詞一般放在被它所修飾的詞前(如1,2),但當(dāng)它修飾用some,any,every,no等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞(如3)或修飾表示長(zhǎng)度、寬度和厚度等量度單位(如4)時(shí)須后置。另外,連系動(dòng)
18詞后須加形容詞(如5)。Exs:1.Themeatsmells.You'dbetterthrowitaway.A.bad,B.badly,C.wellD.good2.Lilyisagirl,shealwaysdoeswellinherhomework.A.care,B.carefulC.carefullyD.careless3.1saw)inthepicture.A.somethinginteresting,B.interestingsomething,C.anythinginterestingD.interestinganything4.Samis1.62,heisgettingtallerandtaller.A.metrestall,B.tallmetres,C.metreshighD.highmetres5.Thereisn'tforallofus.A.enoughwaterB.waterenoughC.booksenoughD.enoughbooks6.Theroomisforustostayin.A.bigenoughB.enoughbigC.enoughgoodD.wellenough注意:enough作副詞修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)應(yīng)后置。特殊形式的形容詞:一般來(lái)說(shuō),名詞加y變形容詞,而以?ly結(jié)尾的是副詞,只有以下一些單詞例外:friendly,lovely,lively,lonely等都是形容詞。eg:l.It'saday(sun,sunly,sunny)2.She'sawoman,(friend,friendy,friendly)注意:其比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化為:friendlier,friendliesteg:Sheisthegirlofthefour,(love,lovely,loveliest)形容詞不同等級(jí)的變化規(guī)則:構(gòu)成法原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)備注一般詞尾加-er,-esttalltallertallest以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的單nicenicernicest音節(jié)詞加-r,-st以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的bigbiggerbiggest類似詞有:fat重讀閉音節(jié)單音節(jié)詞,雙thinwethotred寫結(jié)尾輔音字母,再加-er,-est輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞,easyeasiereasiest改y為i,再加-er,-estinterestingmoreinterestingmostinteresting類似詞有:多音節(jié)詞在前面加carefulmore,mostinterestingbeautifulimportantdelicious等不規(guī)則變化:原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)goodbetterbest
19bad,illworseworstoldolderelder(更年長(zhǎng)的)oldest,eldest(最年長(zhǎng)的)many,muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther,furtherfarthest,furthest注意:比較級(jí)前面可加much,far,even,stilLalot,alittle,abit等修飾語(yǔ)eg:Heismuchtallerthanhisbrother.Ourcountryismuchmorebeautifulthanbefore.原級(jí):肯定形式:as+原級(jí)+as(像….一樣)否定形式:not+so(as)+原級(jí)+as(不如.…那樣)eg:Mybrotherisastallasme.Pandasarenotasdangerousaslions.比較級(jí):不同程度:比較級(jí)+than(比……)eg:Thisdressismorebeautifulthanthatone.程度加深:比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)(越來(lái)越.....)the+比較級(jí),the+比較級(jí)(越…就越.....)eg:Theweatherisgettinghotterandhotter.Themorehegets,themorehewants.最高級(jí):the+最高級(jí)+of(+數(shù)量)/in(+地點(diǎn)范圍)(最)eg:TheChangjiangRiveristhelongestriverinChina.Lilyisthebestgirlofthethree.Exs:1.Whichsubjectdoyoulike,math,ChineseorEnglish?A.betterB.bestC.wellD.verymuch2.GuangzhouisoneofinChina.A.biggestcityB.thebigcityC.thebiggestcitiesD.thebigcity3.Youaretoofat.Youshouldeatandtakeexercise.A.less,lessB.less,moreC.least,moreD.more,less4.—Howistheweatheryesterday??一Itisterrible.Itisgetting.A.worst,worstB.better,betterC.good,goodD.worse,worse5.…Thisbookisinteresting.■一Yes.ButIthinktheonewithapictureisofall.A.interestingB.moreinterestingC.themostinterestingD.theinteresting6.heeats,hegets.A.Themore,thefatterB.Themore,thefaterC.less,fatterD.theless,thefatter7.Theoldman'shairissnow.A.aswhiterasB.sowhiteasC.aswhitethanD.aswhiteas8.LessonOneisthanLessonTwo.A.muchdifficultB.muchmoredifficultC.moremuchdifficultD.asdifficult9.Whichis,thecatorthetiger?A.gentleB.gentlestC.gentlerD.mostgentle10.Thisisgoodboy,alltheteacherslikehim.A.aquiteB.quiteaC.atooD.soa
20(六)副詞【副詞】用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞,其他副詞等。副詞應(yīng)放在動(dòng)詞后。形容詞變副詞(1)直接加ly(2)元音e結(jié)尾的,去e加ly(3)輔音y結(jié)尾的,改y為i加ly(4)以le結(jié)尾的,改e為y練習(xí):()1.Thenewsmadeusvery.Allofusbegantalking.A.happy,happyB.happy,happilyC.happily,happilyD.happily,happier.()2.Thereisastrangesmellinyourroom.You'dbetterkeepthewindow.A.openB.openedC.closesD.closed()3.Jack'sbrotherdoesn'tworksoasJack.(1)harderB.hardC.hardly()4.Youeversawcomptersyearsago,butnowtherareeverywhere.A.sometimesB.almostC.hardlyD.hard()5.Pleasestayhere.It*srainingoutside.A.hardB.hardlyC.heavy(七)介詞和連詞1.介詞的功能介詞是?種虛詞,用來(lái)表示名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其它詞語(yǔ)句中其它詞的關(guān)系,不能單獨(dú)使用。介詞可與名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其它詞構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)。介詞短語(yǔ)可在句中作定語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ),表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如:TheboyoverthereisJohn'sbrother.(定語(yǔ))Thegirlwillbebackintwohours.(狀語(yǔ))OurEnglishteacherisfromAustralia.(表語(yǔ))Helpyourselftosomefish.(賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))2.常用介詞的用法辨析(1)表時(shí)間的介詞_at,inon_表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)用at。例如:atsixo'clock,atnoon,atmidnighta表示在某個(gè)世紀(jì),某年,某月,某個(gè)季節(jié)以及早晨,上午,下午,晚上時(shí),in,,intheninettenthcentury,in2002,inmay,inwinter,inthemorning,intheafternoon等。表示具體的某一天和某一天的上午,下午,晚上時(shí),用on。例如:onMonday,onJuly1st,onSundaymorning等。_since,after.由since和after引導(dǎo)的詞組都可表示從過(guò)去某一點(diǎn)開始的時(shí)段,但since詞組表示的時(shí)段一直延續(xù)到說(shuō)話的時(shí)刻,因而往往要與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。而afler詞組所表示的時(shí)段純系過(guò)去,因而要與一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用。例如:_Ihaven'theardfromhimsincelastsummer..Afterfivedaystheboycameback._in,afterin看將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)連用時(shí),表示“過(guò)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間以后”的意思,后面跟表示一段時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)。After與將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)連用時(shí),后面只能跟表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)的詞語(yǔ)。After與過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)連用時(shí),后面才能跟表示一段時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)。例如:.Hewillbebackintwomonths..Hewillarriveafterfouro'clock、Hereturnedafteramonth._(2)表示地點(diǎn)的介詞.at,in,onat二般指小地方;in一般指大地方或某個(gè)范圍之內(nèi);on往往表示“在某個(gè)物體的表面”。例如:.
21HearrivedinShanghaiyesterday..Theyarrivedatasmallvillagebeforedark._Thereisabigholeinthewall._Theteacherputupapictureonthewall._over,above,on_over,on和above都可表示“在上面”,但具體含義不同。Over表示位置高于某物,在某物的正上方,其反義詞是under。above也表示位置高于某物,但不一定在正上方,其反義詞是below。On指兩個(gè)物體表面接觸,一個(gè)在另一的上面。例如:.Thereisabridgeovertheriver..Weflewabovetheclouds.Theyputsomeflowersontheteacher'sdesk._across,through,across和through均可表示“從這一邊到另一邊",但用法不同。Across的含義與on有關(guān),表示動(dòng)作在某一物體的表面進(jìn)行。Throgh的含義與in有關(guān),表示動(dòng)作是在三維空間進(jìn)行。例如:Thedogranacrossthegrass._Theboyswamacrosstheriver..Theywalkedthroughtheforest.,Ipushedthroughthecrowds.,infrontof,inthefrontofinfrontof表示“七某人或某物的前面”,在某個(gè)范圍以外;inthefrontof表示“在的前部”,在某個(gè)范圍以內(nèi)。例如:_Therearesometalltreesinfrontofthebuilding."Theteacherissittinginthefrontoftheclassroom.,1.介詞的固定搭配介詞往往同其祀詞類形成了固定搭配關(guān)系。記住這種固定搭配關(guān)系,才能正確使用介詞。一(1)介詞與動(dòng)詞的搭配.listento,laughat,getto,lookforwaitfor,hearfrom,turnon,turnoff,worryabout,thinkof,lookafter,spend...on...,等。_(2)介詞營(yíng)名詞的搭配.ontime,intime,bybus,onfoot,withpleasure,onone'swayto,introuble,atbreakfast,attheendof,intheend等。.(3)介詞與形容詞一的搭配.belatefor,beafraidof,begoodat,beinterestedin,beangrywith,befullof,besorryfor等。.2.連詞的功能.用來(lái)連接詞,短語(yǔ),從句或句子的詞叫連詞。連詞是?種虛詞,在句中不能單獨(dú)使用。連詞可分為兩類:并列連詞和從屬連詞。.3.并列連詞一并列連詞用來(lái)連接具有并列關(guān)系的詞,短語(yǔ)或句子。常見的并列連詞有:_(1)表并列關(guān)系的and,both...and,notonly...butalso,neither...nor等。一(2)表選擇關(guān)系的or,either...or等。一(3)表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的but,while等。.(4)表因果關(guān)系的for,so等。4.從屬連詞從屬連詞用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句。常見的從屬連詞有:.(1)引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的after,before,when,while,as,until,till,since,assoonas等。(2)引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的if,unless等。.(3)引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的because,as,since等。一(4)引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句的sothat,inorderthat等。.(5)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的though,although,evenif等。.(6)引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的sothat,so…that,such…that等。.(7)引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句的than,as…as等。.(8)引導(dǎo)名詞從句的that,if,whether等。.5.常用連詞的用法辨析.(1)while,when,as.這三個(gè)連詞或可引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,但用法有所不同。
221)當(dāng)某事正在進(jìn)行的時(shí)候,又發(fā)生了另一件事。While,when,as都可用來(lái)引導(dǎo)表示“背景”的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。例如:.As/When/WhileIwaswalkingdownthestreetInoticedapolicecar.2)當(dāng)兩個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行的時(shí)候,最常用的是while。例如:.Whilemotherwascookinglunch,Iwasdoingmyhomework.3)當(dāng)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都表小發(fā)展變化的情況時(shí),最常用的是as。例-如:_Aschildrengetolder,theybecomemoreandmoreinterestedinthingsaroundthem.4)當(dāng)兩個(gè)短動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí),或表示“一邊…一邊…”時(shí),最常用as。例如:.Justashecaughtthefly,hegavealoudcry..Shelookedbehindfromtimetotimeasshewent,5)當(dāng)從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí),通常用when。例如:_Whenhefinishedhiswork,hetookashortrest._6)當(dāng)從句是瞬間動(dòng)作,主句是延續(xù)性動(dòng)作時(shí),通常用when。例如:.WhenJohnarrivedIwascookinglunch..(1)as,because,since,fbr.這四個(gè)詞都可表質(zhì)因,但用法有區(qū)別。.1)如果原因構(gòu)成句子的最主要部分,一般用becauseo因此,because引導(dǎo)的從句往往放在句末。例如:.Istayedathomebecauseitrained..-Whyaren'tyougoing?,?一BecauseIdon'twantto._2)如果原因已被人們所知,或不如句子的其它部分重要,就用as或since。Since比as稍微正式一點(diǎn)。As和since引導(dǎo)的從句一般放在句子的開頭。例如:.Ashewasn'tready,weleftwithouthim._SinceIhavenomoney,Ican'tbuyanyfood._3)for用來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明一種理由,因血,for引導(dǎo)的從句幾乎可以放在括號(hào)里。For引導(dǎo)的句子不放在句子的開頭。例如:Idecidedtostopandhavelunch----forIwasfeelingquitehungry.(2)if,whetherif和whether都可作“是否”講,在引導(dǎo)賓與從句是一般可互換。例如:Iwonderwhether(if)youstillstudyinthatschool.Idon'tknowwhether(if)helikesthatfilm.在下列情況下,只能用whether,不能用if:1)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。例如:Whetherhewillcometothepartyisunknown.2)引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。例如:ThequestioniswhetherIcanpasstheexam.3)在不定式前。例如:Ihavenmadeupmymindwhethertogothereornot.(3)so...that,such...that1)so...that中的so是個(gè)副詞,其后只能跟形容詞或副詞,而such...that中的such是個(gè)形容詞,后接名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)。例如:I'msotiredthatIcan'twalkanyfarther.Itwassuchawarmdaythathewentswimming.2)如果在名詞之前有many,much,little,few時(shí),用so,不用sucho例如:Hehassolittleeducationthatheisunabletogetajob.IhavehadsomanyfallsthatIamblackandblueallover.(4)either...or...,neither...nor,notonly...butalso...這三個(gè)連詞詞組都可連接兩個(gè)并列成分。當(dāng)它們連接兩個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要隨相鄰的主語(yǔ)變化。例如:Eitheryouorheiswrong.Neitherhenorhischildrenlikefish.Notonlytheteacherbutalsothestudentswanttobuythebook.(5)although,but這兩個(gè)連詞不能用在同一個(gè)句子中。例如:我們不能說(shuō)“Althoughheisoversixty,butheworksashardasolhers.''這個(gè)句子應(yīng)改為:Althoughheisoversixty,heworksashard
23asothers.或Heisoversixty,butheworksashardasothers.(7)because,so這兩個(gè)連詞同樣不能用在同一個(gè)句子中。例如:我們不能說(shuō)aBecauseJohnwasill,soItookhimtothedoctor.^^這個(gè)句子應(yīng)改為BecauseJohnwasill,Itookhimtothedoctor.或Johnwasill,soItookhimtothedoctor.(八)反意疑問(wèn)句①肯,否?②否,肯?③對(duì)反意疑問(wèn)句的回答,若事實(shí)是肯定的,就用yes回答;若事實(shí)是否定的,就用no回答。例如:Mikedoesn*tstudyhard,doeshe?Yes,hedoes./No,hedoesn't.練習(xí):1.你想要回你的電視機(jī),是嗎?YouwanttogetyourTVsetback,?2.比爾學(xué)習(xí)很努力,是嗎?Billstudiesveryhard,?3.你母親是醫(yī)生,是嗎?Yourmotherisadoctor,?4?吉姆英語(yǔ)講得很好,是嗎?JimcanspeakEnglishverywell,?5.教室里沒(méi)有學(xué)生,對(duì)嗎?Thereisn'tanystudentintheclassroom,?6.李雷沒(méi)有去過(guò)美國(guó),對(duì)嗎?LiLeihasneverbeentoAmerica,?7.湯姆的父母不講德語(yǔ),對(duì)嗎?Tom'sparentsdon'tspeakGerman,?(九)賓語(yǔ)從句--賓語(yǔ)從句的種類一賓語(yǔ)從句是一種名詞性從句,在句中作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),或介詞的賓語(yǔ),或形容詞的賓語(yǔ)。根據(jù)引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的不同連詞,賓語(yǔ)從句可分為三類。1.由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。That只有語(yǔ)法作用,句有實(shí)在的意義,在口語(yǔ)和非正式文體中可以省略。例如:_Hesaid(that)hewantedtostayathome..Shedoesn'tknow(that)sheisseriouslyill._Iamsure(that)hewillsucceed.,2.由連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,which和連接副詞when,where,why,how引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。這些連接代詞和連接副詞在賓語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)某個(gè)成分。例如:一Doyouknowwho(whom)theyarewaitingfoe?_Heaskedwhosehandwritingwasthebest..CanyoutellmewheretheNo.3busstopis?_Idon'tknowwhythetrainislate._3.由if或whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。3和whether在句中的意思是“是否例如:.Iwanttoknowif(whether)helivesthere._Heaskedmewhether(if)Icouldhelphim.二.賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序.賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序應(yīng)為陳述句的語(yǔ)序。例如:.Ihear(that)physicsisn'teasy._Ithink(that)youwilllikethisschoolsoon..CanyoutellmehowIcangettozoo?_Pleasetellmewhenwe'llhavethemeeting.,三.賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài).1.如果主句的時(shí)態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句該用什麼時(shí)態(tài)就用什麼時(shí)態(tài)。如:.Idon'tthink(that)youareright._Pleasetelluswhereheis._CanyoutellmehowIcangettotherailwaystation?2.如果主句的時(shí)態(tài)是一般過(guò)去時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句只能用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)(一般過(guò)去時(shí),過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),過(guò)去完成時(shí))。例如:.Heaskedwhattimeitwas._
24Hetoldmethathewaspreparingforthesportsmeet..HeaskedifyouhadwrittentoPeter._HesaidthathewouldgobacktotheU.S.soon.1.如果賓語(yǔ)從句所陳述的是客觀真理,其時(shí)態(tài)常用二般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如:.OurteachersaidthatJanuaryisthefirstmonthoftheyear._Scientistshaveprovedthattheearthturnsaroundthesun._1.Doyouknowduringthecomingsummerholiday?_A.whatwillTomdoB.whatdidTomdo_C.whatTomwilldoD.whatTomdid_2.1wanttoknowA.whatishisnameB.what'shisname.C.thathisnameisD.whathisnameis.3.DoyouknowIcouldpasstheexam?.A.thatB.whetherC.whatD.which_4.Jimdoesn'tunderstandA.whichisthewaytothemuseum.B.whyhiswifealwaysgoesshopping,C.whatisthewaytothemuseum,D.whydoesshealwaysgoshopping,5.一一Couldyoutellmesheislookingfor?.A.thatB.whoseC.whoD.which_6.Mr.Kingdidn'tknowyesterdayevening..A.whendoeshissoncomehome.B.whenhissoncomeshome,C.whendidhissoncomehome,D.whenhissoncamehome7.Couldyoutellmethebikethismorning?_A.howdoeshemendB.howhemends.C.howhemendedD.howdidhemend8.---I'mwaitingforthemail.Doyouknowitwillarrive????Usuallyitcomesby4:00.A.howB.whereC.whenD.what9.???Excuseme,wouldyoupleasetellme?-Certainly.Gostraightalonghere.It?snexttoahospital.A.howwecangettothepostofficeB.howcanwegettothepostofficeC.howgettothepostofficeD.howcouldwegettothepostoffice10.■--CanIhelpyou?…Yes.TdlikeatickettoMountEmei.Canyoutellmetaketogetthere?A.howsoonwillitB.howsoonitwillC.howlongitwillD.howlongwillit11.Hewantedtoknow.A.whetherhespeaksatthemeetingB.whenthemeetingwouldstartC.whathe'sgoingtodoatthemeetingD.wherewouldthemeetingbeheld12.■--CouldyoutellmetheBambooGarden?――Thedayaftertomorrow,Ithink.A.whenwillyouvisitB.whenyouwillvisit
25C.whenwouldyouvisitD.whenyouwouldvisit3.Wouldyoupleasetellmenext,MrWang?A.whatshouldwedoB.weshoulddowhatC.whatweshoulddoD.shouldwedowhat4.Youcan'timaginewhentheyreceivedtheseniceChristmaspresents.A.howtheywereexcitedB.howexcitedtheywereC.howexcitedweretheyD.theywerehowexcited15.1wanttoknowyouwillcomebackat8:00tomorrow.A.thatB.whenC.whereD.whether16.■■-Couldyoutellme?■一Sorry,Idon'tknow.Iwasnotatthemeeting.A.whatdoeshesayatthemeetingB.whatdidhesayatthemeetingC.whathesaysatthemeetingD.whathesaidatthemeeting17.—Couldyoutellmelastnight?■一Er,IwaswatchingEuro2004athome.A.whatyouweredoingB.whatwereyoudoingC.whatyouaredoingD.whatareyoudoing18.Theteacheraskedthestudents.A.iftheywereinterestedindinosaursB.whenwasAlbertEinsteinbornC.whattheywilldowiththecomputersD.howmanytreestheyhaveplanted19.Everymorningthepatientsareaskediftheirtemperaturetaken.A.theyhadhadB.havetheyhadC.theyhavehadD.hadtheyhad20.It'suptoyoutodecideyou'llgothere,byairorbyroad.A.howB.whyC.thatD.when(十)狀語(yǔ)從句狀語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)修飾主句中的動(dòng)詞,副詞和形容詞的從句叫狀語(yǔ)從句。1.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句(1)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句常用when,as,while,before,after,since,till,until,assoonas等連詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)。例如:Itwasraininghardwhengottoschoolyesterday."Whilehewasdoinghishomework,thetelephonerang..Ashewalkedalongthelake,hesanghappily..HehadlearnedalittleChinesebeforehecametoChina..Afterhefinishedmiddleschool,hewenttoworkinafactory.(2)在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句里,通常不用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài),用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例如:.rilringyouupassoonasIgettoNewYork._Iwilltellhimeverythingwhenhecomesback._Hewon'tbelieveituntilheseesitwithhisowneyes.(3)在帶有till或until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的主從官合句里,如果主句用肯定式,其含義是“一直到……時(shí)”,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如果主句用否定式,其含義是“直到……才……”,“在……以前不……”,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用瞬間動(dòng)詞。例如:.Theyoungmanreadtillthelightwentout._Let'swaituntiltherainstops._Wewon'tstartuntilBobcomes..Don'tgetoffuntilthebusstops.2.條件狀語(yǔ)從句一(1)條件狀語(yǔ)從句通常由if,unless引導(dǎo)。例如:_Whatshallwedoifitsnowstomorrow?_
26Don'tleavethebuildingunlessItellyouto.(2)在條件狀語(yǔ)從句里,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例如:一THhelpyouwithyourEnglishifamfreetomorrow..Hewon'tbelateunlessheisill._(3)“祈使句+and(or)+陳述句”一在意思上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)帶有條件狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句。例如:_Hurryup,oryou'llbelate..=Ifyoudon'thurryup,you'Hbelate._Studyhardandyouwillpasstheexam._=Ifyoustudyhard,youwillpasstheexam.1.原因狀語(yǔ)從句.(1)原因狀語(yǔ)從句通常由because,since,as引導(dǎo)。例如:.Hedidn'tcometoschoolbecausehewasill._Asitisraining,weshallnotgothezoo..Sinceyoucan'tanswerthequestion,I'llasksomeoneelse._(2)because表示直接原因,語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)。Because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句多放在主句之后?;卮鹩蓋hy提出的問(wèn)題,只能用becauseoAs和since語(yǔ)氣較弱,一般用來(lái)表示明顯的原因。由as和since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從居多放在句首。例如:_Whyaren'tgoingthere?.BecauseIdon'twantto..Ashehasnocar,hecan'tgetthereeasily..Sincewehavenomoney,wecan'tbuyit._(3)because和so不能同用在一個(gè)句子里。.2.結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句.(1)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句由so…that,such…that,sothat引導(dǎo)。例如:.Heissopoorthathecan'lbuyabikeforhisson._Sheissuchagoodteacherthateverybodylikesher._Mypencilfellunderthedesk,sothatIcouldn'tseeit._(2)so…that語(yǔ)such…that可以互換。例如:.在由so...that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句小,so是副詞,與形容詞連用。其結(jié)構(gòu)是:”...so+形容詞(副詞)+that+從句>例如:.Hewassogladthathecouldn'tsayaword._Thehallissobigthatitcanhold2,000people..Motherlivessofarawaythatwehardlyeverseeher.在由such…that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句中,such是形容詞,它修飾的可以是單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,也可以是不可數(shù)名詞;名詞前面可以帶形容詞,也可不帶。如果是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,前面需加不定冠詞a或an。例如:_Itwassuchahotdaythatnobodywantedtodoanything."Hehadsuchlongarmsthathecouldalmosttouchtheceiling._Hemadesuchrapidprogressthathedidverywellinthemid-term._有時(shí)上述兩種結(jié)構(gòu)是可以互換的。例如:_Itwassuchawonderfulfilmthatallofuswantedtoseeitagain..=Thefilmwassowonderfulthatallofuswantedtoseeitagain..Itissuchanimportantmatchthatnobodywantstomissit._=Thematchissoimportantthatnobodywantstomissit._(3)如果名詞前由many,much,little,few等詞修飾時(shí),只能用so,不用such。例如:.Soonthereweresomanydeerthattheyateupallthewildroses._Hehassolittletimethathecan'tgotothecinemawithyou.3.比較狀語(yǔ)從句.比較狀語(yǔ)從句通常由as…as,比較級(jí)+than…等連詞引導(dǎo)。例如:.TomrunsfasterthanJohndoes._Thisclassroomisasbigasthatone._4.目的狀語(yǔ)從句.(1)目的狀語(yǔ)從句通常由sothat,inorderthat引導(dǎo)。例如:一Westartedearlysothatwecouldcatchthefirsttrain._Hestudieshardsothathecouldworkbetterinthefuture..Weusedthecomputerinorderthatwemightsavetime._(2)sothat既可引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句,又可引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。區(qū)別這兩種從句的辦法有兩個(gè):1)
27目的狀語(yǔ)從句里往往帶有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can,could,may,might等。2)從意思上看,目的狀語(yǔ)從句往往表示的目的很明確。例如:.Speakclearlysothattheymayunderstandyou.(目的狀語(yǔ)從句)_Jackisbadlyillsothathehastorest.(結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句)_1.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句.(1)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句通常由although,though等連詞引導(dǎo)。例如:.Thoughheisyoung,heknowsalot._AlthoughIamtired,Imustgoonworking..(2)although(though)不能用在同一個(gè)句子中。例如:.我們不能說(shuō):Thoughitwasraininghard,buthestillwentout..應(yīng)該說(shuō):Thoughitwasraininghard,hestillwentout.或Itwasraininghard,buthestillwentout._8.地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)成句常常由where來(lái)引導(dǎo)。例如:.Gowhereyoulike._Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.1.he'sold,hecanstillcarrythisheavybag.A.ThoughB.SinceC.ForD.So2.---Doyouknowifhetoplaybasketballwithus?-Ithinkhewillcomeifhefreetomorrow.A.comes;isB.comes;willbeC.willcome;isD.willcome;willbe3.Inthezooifachildintothewaterandcan'tswim,thedolphinsmaycomeuphim.A.willfall;tohelpB.falls;tohelpC.willfall;helpD.falls;helping1.1don'trememberheworkedinthatcitywhenhewasyoung.A.whatB.whichC.whereD.who5.Wewillstayathomeifmyaunttovisitustomorrow.A.comesB.comeC.willcomeD.iscoming6.Thepoliceaskedthechildrencrossthestreetthetrafficlightsturnedgreen.A.not;beforeB.don't;whenC.notto;untilD.not;after7.1waslateforclassyesterdaytherewassomethingwrongwithmybike.A.whenB.thatC.untilD.because8.TilgoswimmingwithyouifIfreetomorrow.A.willbeB.shallbeC.amD.was9.Intheexam,theyouare,themistakesyouwillmake.A.careful;littleB.morecareful;fewestC.morecareful;fewerD.morecareful;less10.Youshouldfinishyourlessonsyougoouttopaly.A.beforeB.afterC.whenD.while11.1hurriedIwouldn'tbelateforclass.A.sinceB.sothatC.asifD.unless12.Whenyoureadthebook,you'dbettermakeamarkyouhaveanyquestions.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.though13.Theteacherraisedhisvoiceallthestudentscouldhearhim.A.forB.sothatC.becauseD.inorder14.Hetookoffhiscoathefelthot.A.becauseB.asC.ifD.since15.Itisthatwe'dliketogooutforawalk.A.alovelydayB.toolovelyadayC.solovelyadayD.suchlovelyaday16.Maryhadmuchworktodothatshestayedatherofficeallday.A.suchB.soC.tooD.very17.1feltverytired,Itriedtofinishthework.A.AlthoughB.BecauseC.AsD.Asif18.thedaywenton,theweathergotworse.
28A.WithB.SinceC.WhileD.As18.wellyoucandrive,youmustdrivecarefully.A.SolongasB.InorderthatC.NomatterhowD.Themoment19.WritetomeassoonasyoutoBeijing.A.willgetB.getC.gettingD.got(1■*一)定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句的功用和結(jié)構(gòu).在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語(yǔ)從句。被定從句修飾的詞叫做先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句必須放在先行詞之后。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。例如:.Thisisthepresentthathegavemeformybirthday."Doyouknoweverybodywhocametotheparty?_IstillrememberthenightwhenIfirstcametothevillage?.ThisistheplacewhereChairmanMaooncelived._二.關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的功用_關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定于從句,在先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句之間起紐帶作用,使二者聯(lián)系起來(lái)。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞又在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。關(guān)系待客做主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),定語(yǔ),關(guān)系副詞可作狀語(yǔ)。一1.作主語(yǔ):關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)須和先行詞一致。例如:一Idon'tlikepeoplewhotalkmuchbutdolittle._ThecarswhichareproducedinHubeiProvincesellverywell._2.作賓語(yǔ):.SheisthepersonthatImetattheschoolgateyesterday._Thebookthatmygrandmothergavemeiscalled“TheGreatEscape';3.作定語(yǔ).關(guān)系代詞whose在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)用。例如:_What'sthenameoftheyoungmanwhosesisterisadoctor?-Thegirlwhosefatherisateacherstudiesveryhard._4.作狀語(yǔ).I'llneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing..ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn._三.各個(gè)關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的具體用法.1.who指人,在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。例如:.Thepersonwhobrokethewindowmustpayforit._Theboywhoiswearingtheblackjacketisveryclever._2.whom指人,在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)。例如:_Doyouknowtheyoungman(whom)wemetatthegate?_MrLee(whom)youwanttoseehascome..3.whose指人,在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)。例如:.Thegirlwhosemotherisillisstayingathometoday._Iknowtheboywhosefatherisaprofessor.,4.which指物,在定語(yǔ)從中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。例如:_Adictionaryisabookwhichgivesthemeaningofwords..Hereisthebook(which)theteachermentionedyesterday._
291.that多指物,有時(shí)也指人,在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。例如:.I'vereadthenewspaperthat(which)carriestheimportantnews._Whoisthepersonthatisreadingthenewspaperoverthere?_2.when指時(shí)間,在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)。例如:.rilneverforgetthetimewhenweworkedonthefarm..HearrivedinBeijingonthedaywhenIleft._3.where指地點(diǎn),在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)。例如:.Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear._Thefactorywherehisfatherworksisintheeastofthecity..四.關(guān)系代詞whom,which在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),可以和介詞一起放于先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間,有時(shí)為了關(guān)系緊湊也可以將whom與which與先行詞緊挨著書寫,而將介詞置于定語(yǔ)從句的后面,如:Thatwastheroominwhichwehadlivedfortenyears.=Thatwastheroom.whichwehadlivedinfortenyears._五.具體使用時(shí)還要注意下列問(wèn)題:.1.只能使用that,不用which的情況:一(1)先行詞是all,few,little,nothing,everything,anything等不定代詞時(shí)。例如:Allthathesaidistrue._(2)先行詞被only,no,any,all,等詞修飾時(shí)。例如:_Heistheonlyforeignerthathasbeentothatplace..(3)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾的詞。例如:_Hewasthesecond(person)thattoldmethesecret.,(4)先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾的詞。一Thisisthebestbook(that)Ihavereadthisyear..(5)先行詞既包括人又包括物時(shí)。例如:.Hetalkedaboutthepeopleandthethingsheremembered.,2.只能用which,不用that的情況:.(1)在非限制性定語(yǔ)從中。例如:.Themeetingwasputoff,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted.,(2)定語(yǔ)從句山介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo),先行詞是物時(shí)。伊J如:.Thethingaboutwhichheistalkingisofgreatimportance.1.―WhoisthemanwastalkingtoourEnglishteacher?_---Oh!It'sMrBaker,ourmathsteacher.,A.heB.thatC.whomD.which2.1hatethepeopledon'thelpotherswhentheyareintrouble.A.whoB.whichC.theyD.where3.TheforeignervisitedourschoolisfromCanada.A.whichB.whenC.whoD.whom4.GeorgeMallorywasanEnglishschoolteacherlovedclimbing.A.whoB.whomC.heD.which5.ThisistheplaceIhaveevervisited.A.thereB.whenC.whereD.which6.Nobodyknowsthereasonshedidn'tcometothemeeting.A.thatB.whichC.whyD.when7.Themoonisaworldthereisnolife.
30A.thatB.whichC.whereD.why3.Hehasforgottenthedayhearrived.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.which4.Hestillremembersthedayshespentwithyourfamily.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.onwhich5.Mr.White,carhadbeenstolen,cametothepoliceman.A.whoB.thatC.whoseD.which6.Hegottothevillagehisfamilyoncelivedbeforeliberation.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where7.ThisisthehouseIwanttobuy.A.inwhichB.thatC.whoseD.where8.ThisisthehouseourbelovedPremierZhouoncelivedandworked.A.whichB.thatC.whenD.where9.Hedidn,ttellmetheplacehewasbom.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where
313.Helivedinasmallvillage,wasalongwayfromtherailwaystation.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when(十二)直接引語(yǔ)與間接引語(yǔ)直接引述別人的原話,叫直接引語(yǔ)。用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話,叫間接引語(yǔ)。如:MrBlacksaidJTmbusy.”布萊克先生說(shuō):“我很忙」(直接引語(yǔ))MrBlacksaidthathewasbusy.布萊克先生說(shuō)他很忙。(間接引語(yǔ))1.直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)主要有以下幾種情況:1)直接引語(yǔ)是陳述句直接引語(yǔ)是陳述句,間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)改為由連詞that引導(dǎo)(that在口語(yǔ)中常省略)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如:likewatchingTV.^shesaid,她說(shuō):“我喜歡看電視fShesaid(that)shelikedwatchingTV.她說(shuō)她喜歡看電視。HesaidJTmwaitingforher."他說(shuō):“我在等她-Hesaid(that)hewaswaitingforher.他說(shuō)他在等她。如果引述動(dòng)詞是saytosb.,則通常改為tellsb.sth.結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:Hesaidtome,"Yourbikeisbroken.99她對(duì)我說(shuō):"你的自行車壞了?!薄狧etoldmethatmybikewasbroken.他對(duì)我說(shuō)我的自行車壞了。2)直接引語(yǔ)是一般疑問(wèn)句直接引語(yǔ)是一?般疑問(wèn)句,間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)改為由whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。(賓語(yǔ)從句必須用陳述句語(yǔ)序)。如:Hesaid,“Canyouswim,John?”他問(wèn):“約翰,你會(huì)游泳嗎?“—HeaskedJohnifhecouldswim.他問(wèn)約翰是否會(huì)游泳?!癉oyougotoschoolbybus?”heaskedme.他問(wèn)我:“你坐公交車上學(xué)嗎?fHeaskedmeifIwenttoschoolbybus.他問(wèn)我是否坐公交車上學(xué)。3)直接引語(yǔ)是特殊疑問(wèn)句直接引語(yǔ)是特殊疑問(wèn)句,間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)改為由疑問(wèn)代詞或疑問(wèn)副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。(賓語(yǔ)從句必須用她問(wèn)我:“他們什么時(shí)候吃晚飯?”她問(wèn)我他們什么時(shí)候吃晚飯。他問(wèn)我:“你什么時(shí)候去重慶呢?”他問(wèn)我什么時(shí)候去重慶。陳述句語(yǔ)序)如:Sheaskedme,“Whendotheyhavetheirdinner?”-*Sheaskedmewhentheyhadtheirdinner.“WhenwillyougotoChongqing?^^heaskedme.—HeaskedmewhenIwouldgotoChongqing.4)直接引語(yǔ)是祈使句直接引語(yǔ)是祈使句,變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)須將祈使句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變成不定式,作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。原主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞say須改為ask,tell,order等含有祈使意義的及物動(dòng)詞,構(gòu)成“tell(ask,order,beg等)sb.(not)todosth.”句型。如:她對(duì)孩子說(shuō):“不要吵J她告訴(命令)孩子們不要吵。她對(duì)他說(shuō):“請(qǐng)拿杯茶給我?!彼?qǐng)他拿杯茶給她?!癉on'tmakeanynoise.Mshesaidtothechildren.—Shetold(order)thechildrennottomakeanynoise.“Bringmeacupoftea,please/'shesaidtohim.—Sheaskedhimtobringheracupoftea.注意:直接引語(yǔ)如果是以“l(fā)et、”開頭的祈使句,變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),通常用“suggest+動(dòng)名詞(或從句)」如:Hesaid,"Let'sgotothefilm"他說(shuō):"我們一起去看電影吧?!?Hesuggestedgoingtothefilm.=Hesuggestedthatweshouldgotoseethefilm.他建議我們?nèi)タ措娪啊?.直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)要注意以下幾種情況:直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ),要變成用相應(yīng)連詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。句中的時(shí)態(tài)、人稱、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)等耍做相應(yīng)的變化。1)變?nèi)朔Q:
32直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),人稱要做相應(yīng)的變化。請(qǐng)記熟這句順口溜:“一隨主,二隨賓,第三人稱不TTi”更,勒"o“一隨主”是指在直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),如果從句中的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱或第一人稱所修飾。從句中的人稱要按照主句或賓語(yǔ)的人稱變化。如:Shesaid,"Mybrotherwantstogowithme.99她說(shuō):“我的弟弟想跟我一起去。”—Shesaidherbrotherwantedtogowithme.她說(shuō)她弟弟想跟她一起去。“二隨賓”是指直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),若從句中的主語(yǔ)及賓語(yǔ)是第二人稱?;虮坏诙朔Q所修飾。從句中的人稱要跟引號(hào)外的主句的賓語(yǔ)?致。如果引號(hào)外的主句沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ),也可以用第一人稱。如:Hesaidtokate,uHowisyoursisternow?”他對(duì)Kate說(shuō):“你的妹妹現(xiàn)在怎么樣?”-*HeaskesKatehowhersisterwasthen.他問(wèn)Kate她的妹妹那時(shí)怎么樣。“第三人稱不更新”是指直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),如果從句中的主語(yǔ)及賓語(yǔ)是第三人稱或被第三人稱所修飾,從句中的人稱?般不需要變化。如:MrSmithsaid,“Jackisagoodboy.99史密斯先生說(shuō):"Jack是個(gè)好工人。”-*MrSmithsaidJackwasagoodworks.史密斯先生說(shuō)Jack是個(gè)好工人。2)變時(shí)態(tài):直接引語(yǔ)在改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),如果主句是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),從句的時(shí)態(tài)搬需要做相應(yīng)的變化。見下表:直接引語(yǔ)間接引語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(或不變)過(guò)去完成時(shí)(不變)將來(lái)時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)如:Hesaid,"I'mwaitingforher”他說(shuō):“我在等她?!?Hiesaidthathewaswaitingforher.他說(shuō)他在等她。“Itwillrainsoon.whesaid.他說(shuō):“很快就會(huì)下雨?!薄狧esaidthatitwouldrainsoon.他說(shuō)很快就會(huì)下雨。在以下幾種情況下,直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),時(shí)態(tài)一般不變化。①主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的失態(tài)如果是現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)時(shí),則間接引語(yǔ)和原直接引語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)一樣,不作變化。如:Shesays,“Iwillgotovisitmyfriend."她說(shuō):“我要去探望我的朋友?!?Shesaysshewillgotovisitherfriend.她說(shuō)她要去探望她的朋友。②直接引語(yǔ)所轉(zhuǎn)述的是現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作、科學(xué)真理、格言等,時(shí)態(tài)不變。如:“Theearthmovesaroundthesun/'theteachertoldus.老師告訴我們,“地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)?!眆Theteachertoldustheearthmovesaroundthesun.老師告訴我們地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。Mymothersaid,“Practicemakesperfecl.“我媽媽說(shuō):“熟能生巧?!薄狹ymothersaid(that)practicemakesperfect.我媽媽說(shuō)熟能生巧。Hesaid,"getupathalfpastsixeverymoming.^^他說(shuō):“我每天早上六點(diǎn)半起床?!眆Hesaidhegetsupathalfpastsixeverymorning.他說(shuō)他每天早上六點(diǎn)半起床。③直接引語(yǔ)表示有具體的過(guò)去某年、某月、某日作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),時(shí)態(tài)不變。如:Hesaid,joinedthePartyin1985?他說(shuō):“我是1985年入的黨J
33-*HesaidthathejoinedthePartyin1985.XiaoLisaid,“IwasbomonApril17,1985MfXiaoLisaidhewasbornonApril17,1985他說(shuō)他是1985年入的黨。小李說(shuō):“我是1985年4月17日出生的?!毙±钫f(shuō)他是1985年4月17日出生的。John說(shuō):“你必須今天來(lái)這里John說(shuō)我必須那天去那里。他說(shuō):“我需要一些水。”他說(shuō)他需要一些水。④有些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,如must,need,oughtto等,無(wú)過(guò)去時(shí),變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),時(shí)態(tài)不變。如:Johnsaid,“Youmustcomeheretoday/'fJohnsaidImustgotherethatday.Hesaid,“Ineedsomewater.nfHesaidthatheneedsomewater.3)變狀語(yǔ):直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ)變化有其內(nèi)在規(guī)律,如:now變?yōu)閠hen:yesterday變?yōu)閠hedaybefore;ago變?yōu)閎efo優(yōu)等,尤其表示方向性的,或用指示代詞修飾的狀語(yǔ),由“此”改為“彼”(如this改為that)。如:Mikesaid,t4Thesebooksaremine?,Mike說(shuō):“這些書是我的。”—Mikesaidthosebookswerehis.Mike說(shuō)那些書是他的。“Willyougoshoppingwithmetomorrow?,,mymotheraskedme.我媽媽問(wèn)我:“明天你和我一起去購(gòu)物嗎?”—MymotheraskedmeifIwouldgoshoppingwithherthenextday.我媽媽問(wèn)我第二天是否和她一起去購(gòu)物。指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)及方向性動(dòng)詞的變化具體見下表:直接引語(yǔ)間接引語(yǔ)指示代詞thisthatthesethosenowthentodaythatdaythismorningthatmorning時(shí)tonightthatnight間agobefore狀tomorrowthenext/fbllowingday語(yǔ)yesterdaythedaybeforelastnightthenightbeforethedaybeforeyesterdaytwodaysbeforethreedaysagothreedaysbeforenextweektheweekafter地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)herethere方向性動(dòng)詞bringtakecomego注意:表中的這些變化,要根據(jù)具體情況而定,不可機(jī)械照搬。如果就在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述,here就不必改為there,come也不必改為go;如果就在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述,yesterdayortomorrow等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)也不必改變。練習(xí):1.“Inevereatmeat."heexplained.2.Hesaidtome,“Ihaveleftmybookinyourroom.^^3.“Itookthedictionaryhomewithme."hesaid.4.“Haveyoubeenhereforages?,,sheasked.5.Heasked,“Areyousureyourmotherwillcome?”
341.“Willyoubeheretomorrow?^heaskedme.2.Hesaidtome,"Pleasecomeagaintomorrow.”3.Hesaidtome,"Don'tdothatagain.,,4.“Wholivesnextdoor?,,sheasked.5.“Whatareyoudoinghere?,,sheasked.6.“IwillgotoAmericanextyear,"hesaidtome.7.kfcThisismyfirsttimethatIhavecometoChina,Mhesaid.8.“Haveyouinvitedhertodinnertonight?,Tomsaidtome.9.Myfathersaidtomysister,“Canyouhelpmewashthecar?”10.“Howmuchmoneydidyoupayforthedriver?,,Marysaidtohim.11.“Whatareyoulookingfor?,,Isaidtoher.12.“Pleasesitdownandhavearest.Mshesaidtous.13.Shesaidtohim,“Goaway.”19.Heaskedme,"WhenwillyougotoTianjin?”20.Maryaskedme,“DoseHelencomefromtheUSA?”(十三)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞Lean的用法:(1)表示能力(相當(dāng)于beableto)(2)表示許可(相當(dāng)于may)(3)表示驚異、懷疑、不相信(主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句)(4)表示可能性例子:1.沒(méi)有人能做著工作。Noonedothiswork.2,下課了,你們可以回家了。Classisover,Yougohomenow.3.他不可能只有十二歲。Hebeonlytwelve.4.你可以乘飛機(jī)去那里。Yougotherebyair.2.could的用法:(1)表示“能力”或“可能性”(是can的過(guò)去式)(2)表示驚異、懷疑、不相信(主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句,這時(shí)can和could可以互換,但could表示的語(yǔ)氣更緩和一些,在時(shí)間上沒(méi)有差別。)(3)用于比can更委婉更客氣地提出問(wèn)題或陳述看法,但沒(méi)有時(shí)間上的差別(4)用于虛擬條件句構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。例子:1.他說(shuō)他小時(shí)候就很會(huì)游泳。Hesaidheswimverywellwhenhewasachild.2.他怎么會(huì)這樣粗心?Howhebesocareless?3.我能否借用一下你的小推車?youlendmeyourcart?]
354.如果你們能給我們寄一份樣品我們將非常感激。Wewouldmuchappreciateifyousendusasample.3.may的用法:(1)表示可以(相當(dāng)于tobeallowed/permitted)(2)表示一件事可能會(huì)發(fā)生或某種情況可能存在(只用于陳述句)(3)在表示目的或讓步的狀語(yǔ)從句中構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。(4)可用于表示祝愿。例子:1.你可以坐這個(gè)位子。Youtakethisseat.2.今天他可能很忙。Hebebusytoday.4.大家站起來(lái)以便看得更遠(yuǎn)。Allstandupsothatyouseefarther.4.愿那一天早日到來(lái)。thatdaycomesoon.5.might的用法:(1)作may的過(guò)去式,表示可以做的事或可能發(fā)生的事。(2)代替may,表示可以做的事或可能發(fā)生的事(這是,might不是may的過(guò)去式,兩者在時(shí)間上沒(méi)有差別,但是might表示的語(yǔ)氣更婉轉(zhuǎn)些或者實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性更小一些)(3)在表示目的和讓步的狀語(yǔ)從句構(gòu)成構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。(4)在虛擬條件句中構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。例子:1.他說(shuō)我的意見可能是好的。Hesaidthatmyideabeagoodone.6.明天可能更冷。Itbecoldertomorrow.3.她站起來(lái)以便看得更遠(yuǎn)。Shestoodupsothatsheseefarther.7.要是你努力學(xué)習(xí),你考試就可能及格。Youhavepassedtheexaminationifyouhadworkedharder.8.must的用法:(1)表示“必須、應(yīng)該”。在回答由must引起的問(wèn)題時(shí),如果是否定回答,不能用must't,而是用needn't或don'thaveto,因?yàn)閙ust't表示"千萬(wàn)不可以"、”一定不要”的意思。(2)表示猜測(cè)(只用于肯定句)例子:1.我們必須身體好、學(xué)習(xí)好、工作好。Wekeepfit,studyhardandworkwell.2.他一定是新來(lái)的英語(yǔ)老師。HebethenewEnglishteacher.接動(dòng)名詞與不定式意義不同l)stoptodo停止,中斷做某事后去做另一件事。stopdoing停止做某事。2)forgettodo忘記要去做某事。(未做)forgetdoing忘記做過(guò)某事。(已做)3)remembertodo記得去做某事(未做)rememberdoing記得做過(guò)某事(已做)4)trytodo努力,企圖做某事。trydoing試驗(yàn),試著做某事。5)goontodo做了一件事后,接著做另一件事。goondoing繼續(xù)做原來(lái)做的事。6)meantodo打算、想meandoing意味著容易混淆的常用動(dòng)詞的辨析(1)say,speak,talk,tell的用法。1)say表示講話,作為及物動(dòng)詞使用,后跟賓語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)從句。Hesaidhewouldgothere.It'stimetoleave.Wehavetosaygoodbyetoyou.2)speak表示“講話”,一般作為不及物動(dòng)詞使用,而有時(shí)作為及物動(dòng)詞后面跟上各種語(yǔ)言作為賓語(yǔ)。DoyouspeakEnglish?MayIspeaktoMrPope,please?3)talk表示“談話”,是不及物動(dòng)詞,與to,about,with等連用,才可以接賓語(yǔ)。
36Whatareyoutalkingabout?MrJacksonistalkingwithmyfatherintheofficenow.3)tell表示“告訴,講述”是及物動(dòng)詞,可以帶雙賓語(yǔ)或復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。Shetoldusaninterestingstoryyesterday.MyteachertoldmethatwewouldhaveanEnglishexamthenextmonth.(2)look,see,watch和watch的用法。l)look強(qiáng)調(diào)“看”這個(gè)動(dòng)作,是不及物動(dòng)詞,常與at連用,然后接賓語(yǔ)。Look!Thegirlisswimminginthelake.Lookatthepicturecarefully.Canyoufindsomethingunusual?2)see指“看見”某物,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是結(jié)果。Theycan'tseethewordsontheblackboard.DoesLilyoftengotoseeafilmonSunday?3)watch指的是“觀看”,“注視”之意。ThetwinsarewatchingTVnow.Hewillgotowatchavolleyballmatch.4)read指“看書”、“看報(bào)”、“閱讀”之意。Don'treadinthesun.IliketoreadnewspaperswhenIamfree.(3)borrow,lend和keep的區(qū)別?!鮞orrow意思為“借入”,常常與from連用,是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,表示瞬間即能完成的動(dòng)作。Meimeiborrowedabookfromthelibraryjustnow.MayIborrowyourdictionary?2)lend是“借出”之意,常常與to連用,同borrow一樣,是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,只表示瞬間即能完成的動(dòng)作。UncleWanyhaslenthiscartoMrLi.Couldyoulendusyourradio,please?3)keep是“保存”的意思,動(dòng)作可以延續(xù)。Howlongcantherecorderbekept?Thefarmerkeptthepatfortwoweeks.(4)bring,take,carry和get的用法。1)bring意思為“拿來(lái)”、”帶來(lái)二指將某物或某人從別處“帶來(lái)”。Bringmethebook,please.MayIbringJimtoseeyounextSaturday?2)take意思是“拿走”,“帶走”,把某物或某人從這里“帶來(lái)”或“拿到”某處之意。Itlookslikerain.Takearaincoatwithyou.Mothertookthelittlegirltothenextroom.3)carry是“帶著、搬運(yùn)、攜帶”的意思,指隨身攜帶,有背著、扛著、抱著、提著的含義,不表明來(lái)去的方向。Doyoualwayscarryahandbag?Theboxisheavy.Canyoucarryit?4)get是去某處將某物拿回來(lái)。Pleasegotomyofficetogetsomechalk.Thereisnowaterinthebottle.Whynotgetsome?
37⑸wear,puton和dress的區(qū)別1)wear是“穿著”“戴著”的意思,可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首飾等,強(qiáng)調(diào)“穿著”的狀態(tài)。Tomalwayswearsblackshoes.Hewearsaraincoatevenwhenitisfine.Shedoesn'tliketoweararedflowersinherhair.2)puton是“穿上”“戴上”的意思,可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等。著重于穿戴的動(dòng)作。It'scold.You'dbetterputonyourcoat.Heputonhishatandwentoutoftheroom.3)dress可以作及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞,有“穿著”“打扮”的意思、。作“穿著”解時(shí),只用于穿衣服,不用于穿鞋、戴帽、戴手套。作為及物動(dòng)詞用時(shí),它的賓語(yǔ)是人,不是衣服。dresssb.(給某人穿衣服),而wear作“穿著”用時(shí),也是及物動(dòng)詞,但它的賓語(yǔ)是物,不是人,即wearsth.(穿著衣物)。Shealwaysdresseswell.Getupanddressquickly.Maryisdressingherchild.(6)take,spend和use的用法。1)take指做某事用多少時(shí)間,句型是:Ittakes/took/willtake+sb.+sometime+todosth.Ittookmethreedaystofinishthework.Itwilltakeyouawhileweektotravelthoughttheforest.IttakesonlyonehourtoflytoShanghai.2)spend指某人在某事(物)上花費(fèi)時(shí)間或錢。句型是:Someonespends+money/time+onsomething(in)doingsth.Shespentmorethan500yuanonthatcoat.Hedidn'tspendmuchtimeonhislessons.Hespentmuchtime(in)correctingstudents*exercises.Motherspentherevenings(in)washingclothes.3)use表示使用工具、手段等。Doyouknowhowtousethecomputer?Shallweuseyourcar?(7)reach,get和arrive的區(qū)別。1)reach是及物動(dòng)詞,后面要直接跟表示地點(diǎn)的名詞作賓語(yǔ)。Afterthetrainhadleft,theyreachedthestationWereachedthetopofthemountainatlast.2)get是不及動(dòng)詞,常與to連用,再接名詞,后面接表示地點(diǎn)的副詞時(shí),不用t。,getto常用于口語(yǔ)中。Whenthestudentsgottothecinema,thefilmhadbegun.Mysisterwascookingwhenmothergothome.3)arrive是不及物動(dòng)詞,表示到達(dá)一個(gè)小地方時(shí),用arriveat,到達(dá)一個(gè)大地方時(shí)用arrivein。ThesoldiersarrivedatasmallvillageTheforeignerswillarriveinShanghaitomorrow.
此文檔下載收益歸作者所有