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1、TheriseandriseofADHDNickRadcliffe,TelfordandWrekinPrimaryCareTrustSamiTimimi,LincolnshirePartnershipNHSTrustAbstract:AnoverviewoftheriseindiagnosingADHDandtheuseofstimulantsinchildrenispresentedinthecontextoftheculturaldiscoursesandpowerhierarchiesthatexistinc
2、ontemporaryWesternsociety.Introduction:SomethingstrangehasbeenhappeningtochildreninWesternsocietyinthepastcoupleofdecades.ThediagnosisofAttentionDeficitHyperactivityDisorder(ADHD)hasreachedepidemicproportions,particularlyamongstboysinNorthAmerica.Thediagnosisi
3、susuallymadebyachildpsychiatristorpaediatricianwithadvocatesofthediagnosisclaimingthatchildrenwhopresentwithwhatthediagnoserconsiderstobeover-activity,poorconcentrationandimpulsivityaresufferingfromamedicalconditionwhichneedstreatmentwithmedication.Themainmedi
4、cationsusedforchildrenwithadiagnosisofADHDarestimulantssuchasRitalin,whosechemicalpropertiesarevirtuallyindistinguishablefromthestreetdrugsspeedandcocaine.Boysarefourtotentimesmorelikelytoreceivethediagnosisandstimulantsthangirlswithchildrenasyoungastwobeingdi
5、agnosedandprescribedstimulantsinincreasingnumbers(Zitoetal,2000).15By1996oversixpercentofschoolagedboysinAmericaweretakingstimulantmedication(Olfsonetal,2002)withmorerecentsurveysshowingthatinsomeschoolsintheUnitedStatesoverseventeenpercentofboyshavethediagnos
6、isandaretakingstimulantmedication(LeFeveretal,1999).IntheUKprescriptionsforstimulantshaveincreasedfromabout6,000in1994toabout345,000childreninthelatterhalfof2003(Wright,2003),suggestingthatweintheUKarerapidlycatchingupwiththeUS.Concernedprofessionalsandparents
7、areincreasinglyvocalintheircriticismoftheexcessiveuseofstimulantsandtherearedebatesamongcliniciansproposingthatADHDisbetterregardedasa‘culturalconstruct’thanabona-fidemedicaldisorder(e.g.TimimiandTaylor,2004;BaldwinandCooper,2000).DespitetheassertionfromADHDin
8、dustryinsidersthat‘ADHD’isamedicaldisorder(Barkleyetal,2002),eventheyhavetoconcedethatdespiteyearsandmillionsofdollarsspentonresearch(itisthemostthoroughlyresearchedchildpsychiatri
