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1、GovernanceInSeaportClustersPeterW.deErlangen1.IntroductionApartfromwell-knownphysicalfactorssuchasthelocation,maritimeaccessibilityandhinterlandinfrastructure,thegovernanceofseaportsisanimportantdeterminantoftheirperformance.Ananalysisofthegovernanceofseaportshasmostlybeenlimitedtotheroleoftheportau
2、thority.Notwithstandingthecentralroleofportauthoritiesinports,wearguethatananalysisofgovernanceinseaportsrequiresattentionfortheroleof(private)firms.Institutionaleconomicliteratureoffersausefulframeworkforanalysingadvantagesanddisadvantagesofalternativegovernancemechanismsandprovidesabasisforanalysi
3、ngtherolesofportauthorities.InthispaperwedealwiththeissueofclustergovernanceinseaportsandillustrateourapproachwithananalysisoftheportofRotterdam..First,webrieflydiscussthetheoreticalfoundationsoftheclustergovernanceconcept.Second,wediscusstheroleofportauthoritiesinthegovernanceofseaports.Third,wepre
4、sentempiricalresultsofasurveyamong43clusterexpertsinRotterdamonthegovernanceofRotterdam’sportcluster.Wefeminalitythepaperwithconclusions.2.TheQualityOfClusterGovernanceWedefineclustergovernanceas‘themixofandrelationsbetweenvariousmechanismsofcoordinationusedinacluster’.Thequalityofthegovernancediffe
5、rsbetweenclusters.Thequalitydependsonthelevelofcoordinationcostsandthe‘scope’of‘coordinationbeyondprice’.Lowcoordinationcostsandmuchcoordinationbeyondpriceimprovethequalityofgovernance.Whenthebenefitsofcoordinationaredistributedunequally,when(thethreatof)opportunisticbehaviourpreventscoordinationorw
6、henbenefitsofcoordinationareuncertain,coordinationbeyondpricedoesnotarisespontaneouslyorinstantaneously,evenwhenbenefitsofcoordinationexceedcosts.Thereforethereisingeneralashortageofcoordinationbeyondprice.Morecoordinationbeyondpriceimprovesthequalityofthegovernanceofclusters.2.1TrustInclusterswhere
7、theleveloftrustishigh,(average)transactioncostsarerelativelylow,becauseoflowcoststospecifycontractsandlowmonitoringcosts.Furthermore,costsofcoordinationbeyondpricearelowerandasaconsequence,morecoordin
