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1、主要財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)分析主要財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)分析目錄一、償債能力指標(biāo)·········································1(一)短期償債能力指標(biāo)···································1(二)長期償債能力指標(biāo)···································2二、運(yùn)營能力指標(biāo)·········································2(一)流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)周轉(zhuǎn)情況···································3(二)固定資產(chǎn)周轉(zhuǎn)情況····················
2、···············4(三)總資產(chǎn)周轉(zhuǎn)情況····································4三、獲利能力指標(biāo)·········································5(一)營業(yè)利潤率·····································5(二)成本費(fèi)用利潤率····································5(三)總資產(chǎn)報(bào)酬率····································6(四)凈資產(chǎn)收益率·····························
3、·······6四、發(fā)展能力指標(biāo)·········································6(一)營業(yè)收入增長率····································6(二)資本保值增值率····································7(三)總資產(chǎn)增長率····································7(四)營業(yè)利潤增長率····································7五、綜合指標(biāo)分析·····································
4、····8(一)綜合指標(biāo)的分析的含義及特點(diǎn)····························8(二)綜合指標(biāo)的分析方法·································8I主要財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)分析總結(jié)和評(píng)價(jià)企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)狀況與經(jīng)營成果的分析指標(biāo)包括償債能力指標(biāo)、運(yùn)營能力指標(biāo)、獲利能力指標(biāo)、發(fā)展能力指標(biāo)和綜合指標(biāo)。一、償債能力指標(biāo)償債能力是指企業(yè)償還到期債務(wù)(包括本息)的能力。償債能力指標(biāo)包括短期償債能力指標(biāo)和長期償債能力指標(biāo)。(一)短期償債能力指標(biāo)短期償債能力指企業(yè)流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)對(duì)流動(dòng)負(fù)債及時(shí)足額償還的保證程度,是衡量企業(yè)當(dāng)期的財(cái)務(wù)能力,特別是流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)變現(xiàn)能力的重要標(biāo)志
5、。企業(yè)短期償債能力的衡量指標(biāo)主要有兩項(xiàng):流動(dòng)比率和速動(dòng)比率。1、流動(dòng)比率是流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)與流動(dòng)負(fù)債的比率,它表明企業(yè)每一元流動(dòng)負(fù)債有多少流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)作為償還保證,反映企業(yè)用可在短期內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)金的流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)長黃到期流動(dòng)負(fù)債的能力。其計(jì)算公式為:流動(dòng)比率=流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)/流動(dòng)負(fù)債×100%一般情況下,流動(dòng)比率越高,說明企業(yè)短期償債能力越強(qiáng),償債人的權(quán)益越有保證。國際上通常認(rèn)為,流動(dòng)比率的下限為100%;而流動(dòng)比率等于200%時(shí)較為適當(dāng),它表明企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)狀況穩(wěn)定可靠,除了滿足日常生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營的流動(dòng)資金需要外,還有足夠的財(cái)力償付到期短期債務(wù)。如果比例過低,則表明企業(yè)可能捉襟見肘,難以如期償還債務(wù)。但是,流
6、動(dòng)比率也不可以過高,過高則說明企業(yè)流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)占用較多,會(huì)影響資金的使用效率,主要是企業(yè)對(duì)待風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與收益的態(tài)度予以確定。運(yùn)用流動(dòng)比率時(shí),必須注意以下幾個(gè)問題:(1)雖然流動(dòng)比率越高企業(yè)償還短期債務(wù)的流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)保證程度越強(qiáng),但這不等于說企業(yè)已有足夠的現(xiàn)金或存款用來償債。流動(dòng)比率高也可能是存貨積壓、應(yīng)收賬款增多且收款期延長,以及待攤費(fèi)用和待處理財(cái)產(chǎn)損失增加所致,而真正可用來償債的現(xiàn)金和存款卻嚴(yán)重短缺。所以企業(yè)應(yīng)在分析流動(dòng)比率的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)一步對(duì)現(xiàn)金流量進(jìn)行考察。(2)從短期債權(quán)人的角度,自然希望流動(dòng)比率越高越好。但從企業(yè)經(jīng)營的角度看,過高的流動(dòng)比率通常意味著企業(yè)閑置資金的持有量過多,必然
7、造成企業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)成本的增加和獲利能力的降低。因此,企業(yè)應(yīng)盡可能將流動(dòng)比率維持在不是貨幣資金閑置的水平。(3)流動(dòng)比率是否合理,不同的企業(yè)以及同一企業(yè)不同時(shí)期的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是不同的,因此,不應(yīng)用統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來評(píng)價(jià)各企業(yè)流動(dòng)比率合理與否。(4)在分析流動(dòng)比率時(shí)應(yīng)剔出一些虛假因素的影響。2、速動(dòng)比率是企業(yè)速動(dòng)資產(chǎn)與流動(dòng)負(fù)債的比率。所謂速動(dòng)資產(chǎn),是指流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)減去變現(xiàn)能力較差且不穩(wěn)定的存貨、預(yù)付賬款、一年內(nèi)到期的非流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)和其他流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)等之后的余額。由于剔除了存貨等變現(xiàn)能力較弱且不穩(wěn)定的資產(chǎn),因此,速動(dòng)比率較之流動(dòng)比率能夠更加準(zhǔn)確、可