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1、表現(xiàn)主義和荒誕派戲劇Expressionismwasamodernistmovement,initiallyinpoetryandpainting,originatinginGermanyatthebeginningofthe20thcentury.Itstypicaltraitistopresenttheworldsolelyfromasubjectiveperspective,distortingitradicallyforemotionaleffectinordertoevokemoodsorideas.[1][2]Expressionistartistssou
2、ghttoexpressmeaning[3]oremotionalexperienceratherthanphysicalreality.[3][4]Expressionismwasdevelopedasanavant-gardestylebeforetheFirstWorldWar.ItremainedpopularduringtheWeimarRepublic,[1]particularlyinBerlin.Thestyleextendedtoawiderangeofthearts,includingpainting,literature,theatre,danc
3、e,film,architectureandmusic.Thetermissometimessuggestiveofemotionalangst.Inageneralsense,painterssuchasMatthiasGrünewaldandElGrecoaresometimestermedexpressionist,thoughinpracticethetermisappliedmainlyto20th-centuryworks.TheExpressionistemphasisonindividualperspectivehasbeencharacterized
4、asareactiontopositivismandotherartisticstylessuchasnaturalismandimpressionismOriginofthetermWhilethewordexpressionistwasusedinthemodernsenseasearlyas1850,itsoriginissometimestracedtopaintingsexhibitedin1901inParisbyanobscureartistJulien-AugusteHervé,whichhecalledExpressionismes.[6]Thoug
5、hanalternateviewisthatthetermwascoinedbytheCzecharthistorianAntoninMatěj?ekin1910,astheoppositeofimpressionism:"AnExpressionistwishes,aboveall,toexpresshimself...(anExpressionistrejects)immediateperceptionandbuildsonmorecomplexpsychicstructures...Impressionsandmentalimagesthatpassthroug
6、hmentalpeoplessoulasthroughafilterwhichridsthemofallsubstantialaccretionstoproducetheirclearessence[...and]areassimilatedandcondenseintomoregeneralforms,intotypes,whichhetranscribesthroughsimpleshort-handformulaeandsymbols."[7]Expressionismisnotoriouslydifficulttodefine,inpartbecauseit"
7、overlappedwithothermajor'isms'ofthemodernistperiod:withFuturism,Vorticism,Cubism,SurrealismandDada."[11]RichardMurphyalsocomments:"thesearchforanall-inclusivedefinitionisproblematictotheextentthatthemostchallengingexpressionistssuchasKafka,[Gottfried]BennandD?blinweresimultaneo
