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1、表現(xiàn)主義和荒誕派戲劇Expressionismwasamodernistmovement,initiallyinpoetryandpainting,originatinginGermanyatthebeginningofthe20thcentury.Itstypicaltraitistopresenttheworldsolelyfromasubjectiveperspective,distortingitradicallyforemotionaleffectinordertoevokemoodsorideas.[1][2]Expressionistartistsso
2、ughttoexpressmeaning[3]oremotionalexperienceratherthanphysicalreality.[3][4]Expressionismwasdevelopedasanavant-gardestylebeforetheFirstWorldWar.ItremainedpopularduringtheWeimarRepublic,[1]particularlyinBerlin.Thestyleextendedtoawiderangeofthearts,includingpainting,literature,theatre,da
3、nce,film,architectureandmusic.Thetermissometimessuggestiveofemotionalangst.Inageneralsense,painterssuchasMatthiasGrünewaldandElGrecoaresometimestermedexpressionist,thoughinpracticethetermisappliedmainlyto20th-centuryworks.TheExpressionistemphasisonindividualperspectivehasbeencharacteri
4、zedasareactiontopositivismandotherartisticstylessuchasnaturalismandimpressionismOriginofthetermWhilethewordexpressionistwasusedinthemodernsenseasearlyas1850,itsoriginissometimestracedtopaintingsexhibitedin1901inParisbyanobscureartistJulien-AugusteHervé,whichhecalledExpressionismes.[6]T
5、houghanalternateviewisthatthetermwascoinedbytheCzecharthistorianAntoninMatěj?ekin1910,astheoppositeofimpressionism:"AnExpressionistwishes,aboveall,toexpresshimself...(anExpressionistrejects)immediateperceptionandbuildsonmorecomplexpsychicstructures...Impressionsandmentalimagesthatpasst
6、hroughmentalpeoplessoulasthroughafilterwhichridsthemofallsubstantialaccretionstoproducetheirclearessence[...and]areassimilatedandcondenseintomoregeneralforms,intotypes,whichhetranscribesthroughsimpleshort-handformulaeandsymbols."[7]Expressionismisnotoriouslydifficulttodefine,inpartbeca
7、useit"overlappedwithothermajor'isms'ofthemodernistperiod:withFuturism,Vorticism,Cubism,SurrealismandDada."[11]RichardMurphyalsocomments:"thesearchforanall-inclusivedefinitionisproblematictotheextentthatthemostchallengingexpressionistssuchasKafka,[Gottfried]BennandD?blinweresimultaneo
