《E氣體動理論》PPT課件

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1、IntroductionInourstudyofdynamics,wedevelopedmethodstocalculateenergy.Anobjecthavekineticenergy,gravitationalpotentialenergy,orelasticpotentialenergy.Tocalculatethetotalenergyofacollectionofobjects,wewouldsimplyaddupthecontributionsmadebyeachobject.However,manyphysicalsystemcontai

2、nanimpossiblylargenumberofseparateobject.Forinstance,ajugofwatercontainsanenormousnumberofwatermolecules,andwecanhardlycalculatetheenergyofthewaterbyaddingupthecontributionsfromeachmolecule.Whatcanwesayabouttheenergyofsuchasystemandenergyexchangesthatoccurwhenitinteractswithother

3、systems?Infollowingchapters,weconsiderthesequestions.Inchapter18,first,weseektodosousingonlymacroscopicphysicalproperties;bythiswemeanmeasurablepropertiesofbulksystemthattakenoheedofitsmicroscopicconstituents.Then,wewanttofindtherelationshipbetweenmacroscopicandmicroscopicphysica

4、lquantities.Inchapter19,weshallconcentrateonthefirstandsecondlawsofthermodynamics.Thefirstlawofthermo-dynamicsexpressestherelationshipmoreformallybyexplicitlyintroducingaheatflowtermintotheenergyconservation.Thisclarificationofenergyconservation,whichwasoneofthegreattriumphsofnin

5、eteenth-centuryphysics,arosealmostbyconsensusfromtheworkandthoughtsofmanyleadingscientistsofthetime.氣體動理論和熱力學(xué)基礎(chǔ)ThefoundationsofGaskineticsandthermodynamics1研究對象物質(zhì)的熱運(yùn)動和熱運(yùn)動與其它形式的運(yùn)動之間相互轉(zhuǎn)化所遵循的規(guī)律熱現(xiàn)象及其規(guī)律組成宏觀物體的大量微觀粒子(分子、原子)的一種永不停息的無規(guī)則的運(yùn)動。熱運(yùn)動：熱現(xiàn)象：組成宏觀物體的大量微觀粒子熱運(yùn)動的集體表現(xiàn)凡是與溫度有關(guān)的物理現(xiàn)象都是熱現(xiàn)象.熱

6、運(yùn)動是熱現(xiàn)象的微觀實(shí)質(zhì)熱現(xiàn)象是熱運(yùn)動的宏觀表現(xiàn)實(shí)例:物體受熱溫度升高,體積膨脹,冰受熱融化為水等2研究方法以物質(zhì)的分子、原子結(jié)構(gòu)概念和分子熱運(yùn)動概念為基礎(chǔ),將微觀運(yùn)動和宏觀運(yùn)動相聯(lián)系,應(yīng)用統(tǒng)計(jì)的方法,解釋并揭示物質(zhì)宏觀熱現(xiàn)象及其有關(guān)規(guī)律的本質(zhì),確立宏觀量和微觀量之間的關(guān)系系。(1)熱運(yùn)動(2)微觀量，宏觀量(3)統(tǒng)計(jì)規(guī)律Gaskinetics氣體動理論：(1)就整體而言,在一定狀態(tài)下,物質(zhì)具有一定的能量;(2)從一個(gè)狀態(tài)過度到另一個(gè)狀態(tài),遵從一定規(guī)律Thermodynamics熱力學(xué)：不涉及物質(zhì)的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)由觀察和實(shí)驗(yàn)總結(jié)得出的熱力學(xué)定律，從能量觀點(diǎn)

7、出發(fā)，分析研究在物質(zhì)狀態(tài)變化過程中有關(guān)熱功轉(zhuǎn)化的關(guān)系和條件Chapter18Gaskinetics§1EquilibriumstateEquationofstate§2Pressureformulaforidealgas§3TemperatureandEnergy§4TheoremofequipartitionofenergyTheinternalenergyofideagas§5Maxwellspeeddistributionlaw§6MolecularmeancollisionfrequencyMeanfreepath§7Transportpheno

8、menaingas§8Application§1Equilibriumstate