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1、1．翻譯的定義和內(nèi)涵：（DefinitionandConnotation）Translationisanart/science/craft?2．中國幾位翻譯家的理論（influentialtranslationprinciples）嚴(yán)復(fù)：信達(dá)雅—faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance.The“threecharacterguide”isregardedasaplumb-lineoflongstandingtomeasuretheprofessionalleveloftranslating.傅雷：神似—spiritualconformity,Emphasiz
2、ingthereproductionofthespiritoftheflavoroftheoriginal.強(qiáng)調(diào)原作神韻再現(xiàn)。錢鐘書：化境—sublimedadaptation.Focusonthetranslator’ssmoothandidiomaticChineseversionforthesakeoftheChinesereader.劉重德：信、達(dá)、切—faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness.3．中國翻譯史上的論爭魯迅：寧信而不順---rathertobefaithfulthansmooth。目的：引入英文句式的表達(dá)法梁實(shí)秋、趙景深：寧順而不信-
3、--rathertobesmooththanfaithful目的：可讀性強(qiáng)，便于交流。4．直譯與意譯直譯：literaltranslation；意譯：freetranslation直譯的例子：crocodiletears鱷魚的眼淚；armedtotheteeth武裝到牙齒；chainreaction連鎖反應(yīng)；gentlemen’sagreement君子協(xié)定onecountry,twosystems一國兩制；Thethreereligionsandthenineschoolsofthought三教九流；papertiger紙老虎；Breathone’slast斷氣；gotoone’sexte
4、rnalrest安息；thelongsleep長眠；seeMarx見馬克思；gowest上西天；gotoheaven上天堂；blowoutthecandles吹燈拔蠟；kickthebucket蹬腿：Youcankickeverythingbutyoucannotkickthebucket直譯不等于死譯(deadtranslation):街道婦女應(yīng)動(dòng)員起來打掃衛(wèi)生。Womeninthestreetshouldbecalledontodosomecleaning.“Inthestreet”shouldbereplacedby“inthecommunity”.她一大早起床，進(jìn)城，見到了她的公爹
5、：Shegotupearly,wenttothetownandsawherpublicfather.Publicfathershouldbefatherinlaw.意譯的例子：Itrainscatsanddogs/atsixesandsevens/Adam’sapple句子比較：Littlefishdoesnoteatbigfish直譯：小魚不吃大魚；意譯：胳膊擰不過大腿試譯：天有不測(cè)風(fēng)云，人有旦夕禍福直譯：Stormsgatherwithoutwarninginnatureandbadluckbefallsmenovernight.意譯：Theweatherandhumanlifeare
6、bothunpredictable有人說，翻譯是帶著鐐銬跳舞（translationislikedancinginfetters）；還有人說，翻譯像女人，忠實(shí)的不漂亮，漂亮的不忠實(shí)。實(shí)際上，忠實(shí)與通順的關(guān)系是辯證關(guān)系。5．歸化與異化（domestication/adaptationorforeignization/alienation）歸化的翻譯在理論上是把語言看作交際工具；在實(shí)踐上，強(qiáng)調(diào)通俗易懂，避免多義或歧義。習(xí)慣認(rèn)為，當(dāng)原文與譯文之間因文化差異而出現(xiàn)不能通達(dá)的情況時(shí)，“要用譯語文化替代原語文化”即把在譯語中找不到對(duì)等的外語詞匯改頭換面，或套用譯語中與之相似的現(xiàn)成的表達(dá)法，把它們變成讀
7、者熟悉的譯語文化形象。歸化派代表人物尤金?奈達(dá)（EugeneA.Nida）:FunctionalEquivalence功能對(duì)等Whatisfunctionalequivalence?“Thereceptorsofthetranslatedtextcouldrespondtoitwithcomprehensionandappreciationinessentiallythesamemannerandtothesamedeg
