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1、ThenewenglandjournalofmedicineReviewArticleElizabethG.Phimister,Ph.D.,EditorTheHumanIntestinalMicrobiomeinHealthandDiseaseSusanV.Lynch,Ph.D.,andOlufPedersen,M.D.,D.M.Sc.uman-associatedmicrobeshaveprimarilybeenviewedthroughFromtheDivisionofGastroenterology,the
2、lensofasinglespeciesanditsenvironment.Advancesinculture-DepartmentofMedicine,UniversityofHCalifornia,SanFrancisco,SanFranciscoindependenttechnologieshaveshowntheenormousdiversity,functional(S.V.L.);andtheNovoNordiskFounda-capacity,andage-associateddynamicsoft
3、hehumanmicrobiome(seetheGlossary).tionCenterforBasicMetabolicResearch,AlargenumberofdiversemicrobialspeciesresideinthedistalgastrointestinalFacultyofHealthandMedicalScience,UniversityofCopenhagen,Copenhagentract,andgutmicrobiotadysbiosis—imbalancesinthecompos
4、itionandfunction(O.P.).AddressreprintrequeststoDr.oftheseintestinalmicrobes—isassociatedwithdiseasesrangingfromlocalizedLynchattheDivisionofGastroenterology,gastroenterologicdisorderstoneurologic,respiratory,metabolic,hepatic,andDepartmentofMedicine,Universit
5、yofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,513Parnassuscardiovascularillnesses.Mucheffortiscurrentlyconcentratedonexploringpoten-Ave.,S357D,SanFrancisco,CA94143,ortialcausalityandrelatedmicrobiota-mediateddiseasemechanisms,withthehopeatsusan.lynch@ucsf.edu;ortoDr.Peder-thata
6、nimprovedunderstandingwillfueltheconceptionandrealizationofnovelsenattheNovoNordiskFoundationCen-terforBasicMetabolicResearch,Facultytherapeuticandpreventivestrategies.ofHealthandMedicalSciences,Univer-Untilrecently,ourviewofhumanmicrobiologywaslargelyshapedb
7、yculture-sityofCopenhagen,Universitetsparken1,basedstudiesofsinglemicrobes(bacteria,archaea,fungi,andviruses),frequently1stfloor,DIKU,2100Copenhagen,Den-mark,oratoluf@sund.ku.dk.isolatedfrompatientswhohadacuteinfectionorchronicdisease.However,sev-eraldecadesa
8、go,environmentalmicrobialecologistsrecognizedthatthediversityNEnglJMed2016;375:2369-79.DOI:10.1056/NEJMra1600266ofmicrobesobservedbymicroscopyfarexceededthatoforganismsrecoveredwithCopyri
