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1、EpistemicLogicEpistemicLogicAS??????????L??????K????????NicholasRescherUNIVERSITYOFPITTSBURGHPRESSPublishedbytheUniversityofPittsburghPress,Pittsburgh,Pa.,15260Copyright?2005,UniversityofPittsburghPressAllrightsreservedManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
2、Printedonacid-freepaper10987654321LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataRescher,Nicholas.Epistemiclogic:asurveyofthelogicofknowledge/NicholasRescher.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-8229-4246-1(alk.paper)1.Epistemics.2.Logic.3.Kno
3、wledge,Theoryof.I.Title.BC21.E64R472005160—dc222004021645ForNeilTennantContentsPrefacevii1.SettingtheStage12.BasicPrinciples83.DeductivityandKnowledgeAmpliation144.Metaknowledge205.ForAughtThatSomeoneKnows256.GroupKnowledge307.PropositionalversusInterrogativ
4、eKnowledge358.CollectiveversusDistributiveKnowledgeandKnowerLimitedness429.Modality4910.ProblemsofEpistemicDemocracy5511.PossibilityandConceivability5812.Unknowability6213.Fitch’sTheoremandItsConsequences6614.FiniteandIn?niteKnowers7115.VagrantPredicatesandN
5、oninstantiability7616.UnanswerableQuestionsandInsolubilia8517.UnknowableTruth9418.ImplicationsofCognitiveLimitation100Appendix1:ASurveyofThesisAcceptability105Appendix2:OnQuantifyingKnowledge(andtheGulfBetweenLinguisticTruthandObjectiveFact)109Notes125Biblio
6、graphy135Index139PrefaceNotlongagoIwasinvitedtocontributeasketchofepistemiclogicof-feringageneralsurveyofphilosophicallogictoACompaniontoPhilo-sophicalLogic(OxfordUniversityPress).Whenpreparingthispiece,itstruckmethatthereactuallyisnosynopticaccountofthe?eld
7、.De-spiteagreatmanyarticlesinscholarlyjournalsdealingwithspecialtopicsinepistemiclogic,theredoesnotexistatextthatputsthepiecestogetherinasystematicexpositionofthe?eldthatconnectsitwiththeissuesofphilosophicalepistemology.Myaimhereisto?llthisgap.Thetopicisofs
8、uf?cientlywideinterest—notonlytologiciansbutalsotophilosophers,cognitivescientists,informationscientists,arti-?cialintelligenceresearchers,andothers—thatstudentsneedandde-serveahelpinghandinsecu
