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1、Muchofthethinkingdoneinformalcducationemphasizestheskillsofanalysis—teachingstudentshowtounderstandclaims,followorcreatealogicalargument,figureouttheanswer,eliminatetheincorrectpathsandfocusonthecorrectone.However,thereisanotherkindofthinking,onethatfocusesonexploring
2、ideas,generatingpossibilities,lookingformanyrightanswersratherthanjustone.Bothofthesekindsofthinkingarevitaltoasuccessfulworkinglife,yetthelatteronetendstobeignoreduntilaftercollege?在正規(guī)教育中,思考問題大都偏重分析技能。教給學(xué)生們的是如何理解對(duì)事實(shí)的論述、怎樣領(lǐng)會(huì)或創(chuàng)立一個(gè)合理的論點(diǎn)、怎樣想出答案、如何排除錯(cuò)誤的思路以及支持正確的思路,然而,也有另外
3、一種思路,這種思維突出探索新想法和產(chǎn)生可能性,側(cè)重尋找多種而不是一種正確答案。這兩種思維對(duì)于人事業(yè)成敗是至關(guān)重要的,但是,后者往往直到大學(xué)畢業(yè)之后才受到重視。Inanactivitylikeproblemsolving,bothkindsofthinkingareimportanttous.First,wemustanalyzetheproblem;thenwemustgeneratepossiblesolutions;nextwemustchooseandimplementthebestsolution;andfinally,w
4、emustevaluatetheeffectivenessofthesolution.Asyoucansee,thisprocessrevealsanalternationbetweenthetwokindsofthinking,criticalandcreative.Inpractice,bothkindsofthinkingoperatetogethermuchofthetimeandarcnotreallyindependentofeachother.在像解決問題這樣的活動(dòng)中,這兩種思想對(duì)我們非常重要。首先,我們要分析這個(gè)問
5、題,然后我們就必須產(chǎn)生可能的解決方案,接下來我們必須選擇并實(shí)施最佳的解決方案:最后,我們必須評(píng)估解決方案的有效性。正如你可以看到的,這個(gè)過程揭示了兩種思維,批判性和創(chuàng)造性思維。在實(shí)踐中,大部分時(shí)間這兩種思維一起合作,并不是真正的彼此獨(dú)立的。AnAbility.Asimpledefinitionisthatcreativityistheabilitytoimagineorinventsomethingnew.Aswewillseebelow,creativityisnottheabilitytocreateoutofnothing(
6、onlyGodcandothat),buttheabilitytogeneratenewideasbycombining,changing,orreapplyingexistingideas?Somecreativeideasareastonishingandbrilliant,whileothersarejustsimple,good,practicalideasthatnooneseemstohavethoughtofyet.一個(gè)簡單的定義就是創(chuàng)造力是想象或發(fā)明一些新的東西的能力。正如我們下面所看到的,創(chuàng)造力不是創(chuàng)造只有上帝才
7、能的東西有能力(這樣做),而是通過結(jié)合,改變或應(yīng)用現(xiàn)有的想法而產(chǎn)生新的想法的能力。一些創(chuàng)造性的想法都是驚人的輝煌的,而另外一些人僅僅是簡單,很好,很實(shí)用的意念,但似乎沒有人會(huì)想得到。Evolution.Thisisthemethodofincrementalimprovement.Newideasstemfromotherideas,newsolutionsfrompreviousones,thenewonesslightlyimprovedovertheoldones.Manyoftheverysophisticatedthin
8、gsweenjoytodaydevelopedthroughalongperiodofconstantincrementation.Makingsomethingalittlebetterhere,alittlebettertheregradual