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1、SpeechActTheorykerisIntroductionSpeechacttheoryisamajortheoryofbothlanguagephilosophyandpragmatics.ItwasoriginallyputforwardbyordinarylanguagephilosophyJohnL.AustinandJohnR.Searleintheearlyfiftiesofthelastcentury.Theessenceofthistheorymainlyconcernsthatlanguageisoftenusedto“dothings”,toperfor
2、mactsandtoemphasizereallanguageusageinactualsituation.Itchallengesthe“truth-value”statementandopensanewareaoflinguistics--pragmatics.Thistheoryexplainsthenatureoflinguisticcommunication.Thecoreofthecommunicationistodealwithlanguage,thingsandaction.ConstativesVSPerformativesConstativesarestate
3、mentsthateitherstateordescribe,andtheyhavethepropertyofbeingeithertrueorfalse.Performatives,bycontrast,havenotruth-value;theyareusedtodosomething.Constativeutterance（言有所述）Theearthisround./Wearehavingclass.Performativeutterance（言有所為）Ipromisetogiveyoutendollars.FelicityconditionsA.(i)Theremustb
4、eaconventionalprocedurehavingaconventionaleffect.(ii)Thecircumstancesandpersonsmustbeappropriate,asspecifiedintheprocedure.B.Theproceduremusebeexecuted(i)correctlyand(ii)completely.C.(i)Thepersonsmusthavetherequisitethoughts,feelingsandintentions,asspecifiedintheprocedure,and(ii)ifconsequentc
5、onductisspecified,therelevantpartiesmustsodo.ExplicitperformativesVSImplicitperformativesFirstpersonsubject,simplepresenttense,indicativemood,activevoice,performativeverbsIpromiseIwillattendyourwedding.IpromiseI’llbethere.IadmitIwasfoolish.withoutperformativeverbsIwillattendyourwedding.Howabo
6、utsometea?Sitdown.Aperformativeverb?isa?verb?thatexplicitlyconveysthekindof?speechact?beingperformed—suchas?promise,invite,apologize,?predict,vow,request,warn,insist,?and?forbid.CollapseofthedichotomyProblems:Containingaperformativeverbdoesnotnecessarilymaketheutteranceitselfperformative.Ipro
7、misedtoherthatIwouldhelpher.Everyactofsayingisdoing.--Directspeechact--IndirectspeechactWillyougoornot?/I’maskingyouifyouwillgoornot.He’sdishonest./I’mtellingyouthatheisdishonest.Anutterancewithaperformativeverbmaynotbethetypeofactsuggestedby
