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1、TranslationtheoriesinthewestAccordingtoSteiner(1998:248-9),thehistoryofdiscourseontranslationisdividedintofourperiods:(1)a"traditional"period,fromthebeginningoftheChristianeratotheendoftheeighteenthcentury,whichisaperiodof"immediateempiricalfocus“(2)aperiodof"theoryandhermeneuticinquiry",gr
2、owingoutofGermanRomanticismaroundthebeginningofthenineteenthcentury,(3)a"modern"period,reachingwellintothetwentiethcentury,inwhichtheinfluenceofGeneralLinguisticsisincreasinglydominant(4)thecontemporaryperiod,aculturalturntotranslationstudies.a"traditional"periodOvertwomillennia,onlyafewaut
3、horshavesucceededinintroducing"anythingfundamentalornew".Thesecreatorsandtransformersinclude"SaintJerome,Luther,Dryden,Holderlin,Novalis,Schleiermacher,Nietzsche,EzraPound,"(1998:283)Cicero(西塞羅公元前106-前43年,古羅馬政治家、雄辯家)"Isawthattoemploythesameexpressionsprofitedmenothing,whiletoemployotherswas
4、apositivehindrance…AfterwardsIresolvedtotranslatefreelyGreekspeechesofthemosteminentorators".Asaconsequence,"Inotonlyfoundmyselfusingthebestwords,andyetquitefamiliarones,butalsocoiningbyanalogycertainwordssuchaswouldbenewtoourpeople,providedonlytheywereappropriate"(Robinson1997a:7).西塞羅主要觀點譯
5、者應(yīng)該像演說家一樣，使用符合古羅馬語言習(xí)慣的語言來表達(dá)外來作品的內(nèi)容。直譯是缺乏技巧的表現(xiàn)。翻譯應(yīng)保留詞語最內(nèi)層的東西，即意思。翻譯也是文學(xué)創(chuàng)作。各種語言的修辭手段彼此相通，因此翻譯可以做到風(fēng)格對等。提出“解釋員”式翻譯和“演說家”式翻譯，即直譯與意譯。St.JeromeHeinsistedon“theaccuratetransmissionofthemeaningofthetextratherthanthebuddingorator'sfreelyrangingimagination“.Heintroduced"thefirstmajorshiftinwesterntran
6、slationtheory“.Jeromemaintainedthemajortermsofsourcetextandtargettext,originalmeaningandtranslatedmeaning,theconceptsofliteralanddynamictranslation("wordforword"and"senseforsense“).Interpretingtheoriginalmeaning"correctlyinordertoreproduceitproperly"(Gentzler1993:95).哲羅姆（347--420）翻譯不能始終字當(dāng)句對
7、，而必須采取靈活的原則。應(yīng)當(dāng)區(qū)別對待文學(xué)翻譯與宗教翻譯。前者意譯，后者直譯。正確的翻譯必須依靠正確的理解。MartinLutherLuther"saimistokeepcommunicationwithreadersandlisteners,buttheaudienceforhisnewtranslationofthescriptureswascomposednotofscholarsbutplainspeakersofvernacularGerman,"themotherinherhouse,thec
