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1、TheoriesofDevelopment:AComparativeAnalysisChapter3LeadingTheoriesofEconomicDevelopment:FiveApproachesClassicalScenario古典經(jīng)濟(jì)增長理論Linear-stages-of-growthmodel線性增長模型Neoclassicalmodels新古典增長模型Endogenousgrowth內(nèi)生經(jīng)濟(jì)增長模型亞當(dāng)·斯密與報(bào)酬遞增產(chǎn)出、生活水平提高→資本積累→利潤的儲(chǔ)蓄→工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)的專業(yè)化勞動(dòng)分工勞動(dòng)分工決定了勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率。勞動(dòng)分工提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率有三種途徑：1、工
2、人工作技能的提升，即邊干邊學(xué)。2、分工的細(xì)化節(jié)省了在不同工作間轉(zhuǎn)移的時(shí)間。3、機(jī)器的發(fā)明使同一個(gè)勞動(dòng)者可以從事多種工作。勞動(dòng)分工受到市場規(guī)模的限制。1、如機(jī)器的使用只有在市場規(guī)模較大情況下才有經(jīng)濟(jì)性，否則就會(huì)出現(xiàn)剩余產(chǎn)品。2、自由貿(mào)易對(duì)市場規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大有著積極的意義。斯密的報(bào)酬遞增觀點(diǎn)是新內(nèi)生經(jīng)濟(jì)增長理論的核心思想古典悲觀主義TP*TPOWsubsistencewagelinePE2W2W1E1N1N2LaborTotalproductionOriginalcondition:Labor:ON1Production:OPWage:N1W1Surplus:E1W1Dem
3、andforlaborincreaseWagesincreasetoE1N1>N1W1AccordingtoMalthusiantheoryofpopulation,populationwillincreasetoON2;SurplusappearagainE2W2Equilibriumpoint:ETechnologydevelopment:E*,thedayofdoomcannotbeeliminatedEE*LimitationsoftheclassicalmodelTheroleoftechnologydevelopmenthasbeengrosslyund
4、erestimatedTheMalthusiantheoryofpopulationgrowthhasbeenprovedtobemisleading:wheneverwagesareabovelevelofsubsistence,populationwillincrease??TooaggregatedanddidnotaccountforthediversitieswithlaborandcapitalinputTheLinear-StagesTheoryRostow’sstagesofgrowthTheHarrod-DomargrowthmodelObstac
5、lesandconstraintsSomecriticismsofthestagesmodelRostow’sstagesofgrowthTheTransitionfromunderdevelopmenttodevelopmentcanbedescriedintermsofaseriesofstepsorstagesthroughwhichallcountriesmustproceedthetraditionalsocietythepre-conditionsfortake-offintoself-sustaininggrowththetake-offthedriv
6、etomaturitytheageofhighmass-consumption三種不同的增長率：實(shí)際增長率g;有保證的增長率gw;自然增長率gn實(shí)際增長率TheHarrod-DomarModel(3.1)(3.2)(3.3)(3.4)v:capital-outputratio;S:savingratio;S:totalsaving;Y:totaloutput;K:capitalstock;I:totalinvestment有保證的增長率：這樣一種增長率將引誘投資剛好等于計(jì)劃的儲(chǔ)蓄，保持資本完全被就業(yè)，從而制造商愿意在未來以過去相同的比例進(jìn)行投資TheHarrod-D
7、omarModel(3.5)(3.6)(3.7)Harrod-DomartheoryofeconomicgrowthTherateofgrowthofeconomicoutputIsdeterminedjointlybythenationalsavingratioSandnationalcapital-outputratioKThemainobstacleondevelopmentistherelativelylowlevelofnewcapitalformationinmostpoorcountriesJustifyingmassivetransfersofc
