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1、I’mgoingtotalktodayaboutenergyandclimate.Andthatmightseemabitsurprisingbecausemyfull-timeworkatthefoundationismostlyaboutvaccinesandseeds,aboutthethingsthatweneedtoinventanddelivertohelpthepooresttwobillionlivebetterlives.Butenergyandclimateareextremelyimportanttothesepeople,infact,moreimportant
2、thananyoneelseontheplanet.Theclimategettingworsemeansthatmanyyearsthatmanyyears,theircropswon’tgrow.Therewillbetoomuchrain,notenoughrain,thingswillchangeinwaysthattheirfragileenvironmentsimplycan’tsupport.Andthatleadstostarvation,itleadstouncertainty,itleadstounrest.So,thepriceofenergyisveryimpo
3、rtanttothem.Infact,ifyoucouldpickjustonethingtolowerth-epriceof,toreducepoverty,byfaryouwouldpickenergy.Now,thepriceofenergyhasbecomedownovertime.Reallyadvancedcivilizationisbasedonadvancesinenergy.ThecoalrevolutionfueledtheIndustrialRevolution,and,evenin1990swe’veseenaveryrapiddeclineintheprice
4、ofelectricity,andthat’swhywehaverefrigerators,air-conditioning,wecanmakemodernmaterialsanddosomanythings.Andso,we’reinawonderfulsituationwithelectricityintherichworld.But,aswemakeitcheaper-andlet’sgoformakingittwiceascheap-weneedtomeetanewconstrain,andthatconstrainhastodowithCO2.CO2iswarningthep
5、lanet,andtheequationonCO2isactuallyaverystraightforwardone.IfyousumuptheCO2thatgetsemitted,thatleadstoatemperatureincrease,andthattemperatureincreaseleadstosomeverynegativeeffects:theeffectsontheweather,perhapsworse,theindirecteffects,inthatthenatureecosystemscan’tadjusttotheserapidchanges,andso
6、yougetecosystemcollapses.Now,theexactamountofhowyoumapfromacertainincreaseofCO2towhattemperaturewillbeandwherethepositivefeedbackare,there’ssomeuncertaintythere,butnotverymuch.Andthere’scertainlyuncertaintyabouthowbadthoseeffectswillbe,buttheywillbeextremelybad.Iaskedthetopscientistsonthissevera
7、ltimes.Dowereallyhavetogetdowntonearzero?Can’twejustcutitinhalforaquarter?Andtheansweristhatuntilwegetneartozero,thetemperaturewillcontinuetorise.Andsothat’sabigchallenge.It’sverydifferentthansaying“We’reatwelve-foot-hightru
