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1、Chapter220Nutrition’sInterfacewithHealthandDiseasecontentsBackgroundinformationMedicalroots,prefixesandsuffixesSentencestranslationDRITheDietaryReferenceIntake(DRI)isasystemofnutritionrecommendationsfromtheInstituteofMedicine(IOM)oftheU.S.NationalAcademy
2、ofSciences.TheDRIsystemisusedbyboththeUnitedStatesandCanadaandisintendedforthegeneralpublicandhealthprofessionals.Applicationsinclude:Compositionofdietsforschools,prisons,hospitalsornursinghomesIndustriesdevelopingnewfoodstuffsHealthcarepolicymakersandpu
3、blichealthofficialsThecurrentDietaryReferenceIntakerecommendationiscomposedof:EstimatedAverageRequirements(EAR),expectedtosatisfytheneedsof50%ofthepeopleinthatagegroupbasedonareviewofthescientificliterature.RecommendedDietaryAllowances(RDA),thedailydieta
4、ryintakelevelofanutrientconsideredsufficientbytheFoodandNutritionBoardtomeettherequirementsof97.5%ofhealthyindividualsineachlife-stageandgendergroup.ItiscalculatedbasedontheEARandisusuallyapproximately20%higherthantheEAR(SeeCalculatingtheRDA).AdequateInt
5、ake(AI),wherenoRDAhasbeenestablished,buttheamountestablishedissomewhatlessfirmlybelievedtobeadequateforeveryoneinthedemographicgroup.Tolerableupperintakelevels(UL),tocautionagainstexcessiveintakeofnutrients(likevitaminA)thatcanbeharmfulinlargeamounts.Thi
6、sisthehighestlevelofdailyconsumptionthatcurrentdatahaveshowntocausenosideeffectsinhumanswhenusedindefinitelywithoutmedicalsupervision.LDL低密度脂蛋白（英語：low-densitylipoprotein，簡稱為LDL）指一類及范圍的脂蛋白粒子，有著約18-25納米直徑的大小，負(fù)責(zé)在血液內(nèi)運(yùn)載脂肪酸分子至全身供細(xì)胞使用。它是由肝臟所產(chǎn)生的極低密度脂蛋白的最終階段。它只包含
7、有載體蛋白B-100（即一種有4536種氨基酸的蛋白質(zhì)）。它亦包含維他命抗氧化劑（維生素E或類胡蘿蔔素）。低密度脂蛋白攜帶的膽固醇水平與心血管疾病的發(fā)生存在緊密的正相關(guān)，因此低密度脂蛋白膽固醇普遍稱為“壞膽固醇”。請注意，低密度脂蛋白并非膽固醇。LDL與疾病的關(guān)系由于低密度脂蛋白將膽固醇運(yùn)送至動脈，過高水平的低密度脂蛋白會造成動脈硬化、心肌梗塞、中風(fēng)及周圍動脈疾病。所以低密度脂蛋白內(nèi)的膽固醇會被稱為“壞膽固醇”。當(dāng)然，并非它本身必然是壞的膽固醇，而是要看它被送往什么地方，與長年累積的數(shù)量。HDLHigh
8、-densitylipoprotein(HDL)isoneofthefivemajorgroupsoflipoproteins,which,inorderofmolecularsize,largesttosmallest,arechylomicrons,verylow-densitylipoprotein(VLDL),intermediate-densitylipoprotein(IDL),low-densitylipoprotein(LD
