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1、…………………………………………………………最新精品資料推薦……………………………………………………CohesionandCoherenceCohesioncanbethoughtofasallthegrammaticalandlexicallinksthatlinkonepartofatexttoanother.Thisincludesuseofsynonyms,lexicalsets,pronouns,verbtenses,timereferences,grammaticalreference,etc.Forexample,
2、'it','neither'and'this'allrefertoanideapreviouslymentioned.'Firstofall','then'and'afterthat'helptosequenceatext.'However','inaddition'and'forinstance'linkideasandargumentsinatext.Coherencecanbethoughtofashowmeaningsandsequencesofideasrelatetoeachother.Typicalexamples
3、wouldbegeneral>particular;statement>example;problem>solution;question>answer;claim>counter-claim.Whatdoescohesionmean?Youmightthinkofcohesionasameansofestablishingconnectionswithinatextatallsortsofdifferentlevels,e.g.,section,paragraphs,sentencesandevenphrases.Howisc
4、ohesiondifferentfromcoherence?Itisdifficulttoseparatethetwo.However,thinkofcoherenceasthetextmakingsenseasawholeatanideaslevel,andcohesionasrathermoremechanicallinksatalanguagelevel.Youcanimaginethatitispossibleforapieceofwritingtocontainplentyofcohesionyetlittlecohe
5、rence.Cohesionisthegluethatholdsapieceofwritingtogether.Inotherwords,ifapaperiscohesive,itstickstogetherfromsentencetosentenceandfromparagraphtoparagraph.Cohesivedevicescertainlyincludetransitionalwordsandphrases,suchastherefore,furthermore,orforinstance,thatclarifyf
6、orreaderstherelationshipsamongideasinapieceofwriting.However,transitionsaren'tenoughtomakewritingcohesive.Repetitionofkeywordsanduseofreferencewordsarealsoneededforcohesion.…………………………………………………………最新精品資料推薦……………………………………………………5…………………………………………………………最新精品資料推薦…………………………………
7、…………………CohesionDevicesLexicallevel:RepetitionWordfamilyrepeatedSynonyms,antonyms,otherwordrelationsThematicallyrelatedwords(lexicalset)Substationswithone/onesGrammaticallevel:Reference:article,pronouns,normalizationSubstitutionofclauseelementsusingso,not,do/does/did,
8、etcEllipsisofclauseelementsLinkingwords:conjunctionsandconjunctsComparativesVerbtenseRhetoricaltechniquesQuestionandanswerParalleli
