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微專題指對數(shù)比較大小在高考選擇題中我們會遇到一類比較大小的問題,通常是三個指數(shù)和對數(shù)混在一起,進行排序??忌鷤兘?jīng)常找不到解答問題的方法,亂猜導(dǎo)致丟分,所以本專題介紹處理此類問題常用的方法與技巧。方法一、通過公式,化為同底或同指1.(2013年新課標(biāo)全國卷II8)設(shè)a?log6,b?log10,c?log14.則()357A.c?b?aB.b?c?aC.a?c?bD.a?b?c1【解析】:可化簡為同底對數(shù)型:log6?1?log2?1?,b?log10=33log352111?log2?1?,c?log14=1?log2?1?,選D。5log577log7224212.(2016年新課標(biāo)全國卷III6)已知a?23,b?45,c?253,則()A.b?a?cB.a?b?cC.b?c?aD.c?a?b422122【解析】:a?23?43?45,c?253?53?43,選A。3.(2019天津理6)已知a?log2,b?log0.2,c?0.50.2,則a,b,c大小關(guān)系50.5A.a?c?bB.a?b?cC.b?c?aD.c?a?b解析由題意,可知a?log2?1,51b?log0.2?log?log5?1?log5?log4?2.5152?1222c?0.50.2?1,所以b最大,a,c都小于1.11?1?511因為a?log2?,c?0.50.2????5?,而5log5?2?252211?1?5log5?log4?2?52,所以???,即a?c,所以a?c?b.故選A.22log5?2?2
114.(2018天津)已知a?loge,b?ln2,c?log,則a,b,c的大小關(guān)系為2132A.a(chǎn)?b?cB.b?a?cC.c?b?aD.c?a?b1【解析】因為a?loge>1,b?ln2?(0,1),c?log?log3?loge?1.213222所以c?a?b,故選D.5.(2017年新課標(biāo)全國卷I11)設(shè)x、y、z為正數(shù),且2x?3y?5z,則()A.2x?3y?5zB.5z?2x?3yC.3y?5z?2xD.3y?2x?5z【解析】::設(shè)2x?3y?5z?t,?t?1?則x?logt,y?logt,z?logt,23511112x?2logt??,同理:3y?,5z?,轉(zhuǎn)化為比較21log2log2log33log55ttt2t2,33,55的大小,仿照上題的兩種解法,選D。6.(2018全國卷Ⅲ)設(shè)a?log0.3,b?log0.3,則()0.22A.a(chǎn)?b?ab?0B.a(chǎn)b?a?b?0a?b?0?abab?0?a?bC.D.11【解析】由a?log0.3得?log0.2,由b?log0.3得?log2,0.2a0.32b0.31111所以??log0.2?log2?log0.4,所以0???1,ab0.30.30.3aba?b得0??1.a(chǎn)b又a?0,b?0,所以ab?0,所以ab?a?b?0.故選B.方法二、借助中間變量111?1.(2014年遼寧卷)已知a?23,b?log,c?log,則()23132A.a?b?cB.a?c?bC.c?a?bD.c?b?a111??0,1??0,c?log?log3?1,選C?!窘馕觥浚篴?23?,b?log231322
22.(高考題)下列大小關(guān)系正確的是()A.0.42?30.4?log0.3B.0.42?log0.3?30.444C.log0.3?0.42?30.4D.log0.3?30.4?0.4244【解析】:log0.3?0,0.42??0,1?,30.4?1,選C。42π3.(高考題)若a?20.5,b?log3,c?logsin,則()π25A.a?b?cB.b?a?cC.c?a?bD.b?c?a??2?【解析】:20.5?1,log3?0,1,logsin?0,選A。?254.(高考題)若a?log?,b?log6,c?log0.8,則()372A.a?b?cB.b?a?cC.c?a?bD.b?c?a【解析】:log??1,log6??0,1?,log0.8?0,選A。3725.(2013年新課標(biāo)全國卷II)設(shè)a?log2,b?log2,c?log3.則()352A.a?c?bB.b?c?aC.c?b?aD.c?a?b2?1??0,1?2?1??0,1?2?log2,log3?1,【解析】:log,log,且log3log35log535222選D。16.(2018年天津卷)已知a?loge,b?ln2,c?log,則a,b,c的大小關(guān)系為()2132A.a?b?cB.b?a?cC.c?b?aD.c?a?b1?log3?a?loge?1??【解析】:c?log,b?ln2?0,1,選D。1322217.(高考題)已知a?21.2,b?()?0.2,c?2log2,則a,b,c的大小關(guān)系為()25A.c?b?aB.c?a?bC.b?a?cD.b?c?a?1??0.2??【解析】:a?21.2?b????20.2?1,c?2log2?log4?0,1,選A。?2?558.(高考題)已知a?log3?log3,b?log9?log3,c?log2,則a,b,c的大小關(guān)系22223是()
3A.a?b?cB.a?b?cC.a?b?cD.a?b?c9??【解析】:a?log33,b?log?log33,?a?b?1,c?log2?0,1,選B。22323方法三、構(gòu)造輔助函數(shù),利用單調(diào)性比大小ln2ln3ln51.(高考題)若a?,b?,c?,則()235A.a?b?cB.c?b?aC.c?a?bD.b?a?c1【解析】:法一:兩兩比較,a?ln2?ln2,b?ln33,c?ln55,只需比較2,33,55的2大小,化為根指數(shù)相同即:68,69;1032,1025;15243,15125可得答案C。lnxln2ln4法二:構(gòu)造函數(shù),求導(dǎo)可知單調(diào)區(qū)間為:當(dāng)x?e時,單調(diào)遞減,而?,即x24ln3ln4ln5??。3452.(2016年新課標(biāo)全國卷I8)若a?b?1,0?c?1,則()A.ac?bcB.abc?bacC.alogc?blogcD.logc?logcbaab【解析】:A選項:構(gòu)造冪函數(shù)y?xc,為增函數(shù);B選項:構(gòu)造冪函數(shù)y?xc?1,為減函數(shù),acbcac?1?bc?1,?,即abc?bac;D選項:構(gòu)造函數(shù)y?logx,為減函數(shù),即abclogb?loga;C選項:a?b?1,?logc??logc?0,由乘法單調(diào)性可知ccbaalogc?blogc,選C。ba3.(高考題)已知1?x?d,令a?(logx)2,b?logx2,c?log(logx),則()ddddA.a?b?cB.a?c?bC.c?b?aD.c?a?b【解析】:?logx??0,1?,?c?0,選D。d11秒殺方法:令d?4,x?2,?a?,b?1,c??,選D。42
4方法四、利用圖像比較大小?1?b?1?c1.已知a,b,c均為正數(shù),且2aa?logaa,???logb,???logc,則()11?2?1?2?2222A.a?b?cB.c?b?aC.c?a?bD.b?a?c【解析】如圖,在平面直角坐標(biāo)系中畫出函數(shù)?1?xy?2x,y?logx,y???,y?logx的圖像,1?2?22可得a?b?c方法五、利用函數(shù)綜合性質(zhì)比大小1.(2019全國Ⅲ理11)設(shè)f(x)是定義域為R的偶函數(shù),且在(0,??)單調(diào)遞減,則()132123????A.f(log)?f(22)?f(23)B.f(log)?f(23)?f(22)3434321231??)D.f(2??C.f(22)?f(23)?f(log3)?f(22)?f(log)3434?x?1)?f(log4),【解析】f是定義域為R的偶函數(shù),所以f(log3433232因為log4?log3?1,??,所以0?2??4,330?22?23?20?12?23?log3321?x???).故選C.又f在(0,??)上單調(diào)遞減,所以f(22)?f(23)?f(log342.(2017天津)已知奇函數(shù)f(x)在R上是增函數(shù),g(x)?xf(x).若a?g(?log5.1),2b?g(20.8),c?g(3),則a,b,c的大小關(guān)系為A.a(chǎn)?b?cB.c?b?aC.b?a?cD.b?c?a1【解析】:a??f(log)?f(log5),因為log5?log4.1?2?20.8,所以選C。25222
53.(2015天津)已知定義在R上的函數(shù)f(x)?2x?m?1(m為實數(shù))為偶函數(shù),記a?log3,b?f?log5?,c?f?2m?則a,b,c的大小關(guān)系為0.52A.a(chǎn)?b?cB.a(chǎn)?c?bC.c?a?bD.c?b?a【解析】:由f(x)是偶函數(shù)得m?0,所以f(x)選減后增,a?f(log3)?f(log3),0.52c?f(0),因為log5?log3?0,所以選C。22